IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first!

1. DISCLAIMER: The following translated document originates from Brazil, is based on Brazilian data and experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for Brazilian farmers. Aspects of SBR development and fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the same under U.S. and Brazilian conditions. Similarly, certain control measures suggested by Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR situation in Brazil, as well as year-round soybean production in certain parts of that country. Therefore, do not use this information for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control decisions in the U.S. Instead, use control measures developed by your state’s Land Grant University scientists. Be advised that fungicide product names for the same active ingredient and manufacturer are typically different for Brazil and the U.S.; however,  the common names for the active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or propiconazole or azoxystrobin) are the same in both countries. For more information or clarification about the translated document, contact: D. Hershman Extension Plant Pathologist University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY dhershma@uky.edu IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first!

2. SOYBEAN RUST: Identification Management Control

3. History 1902 – first report in Japan 1914 – in southeast Asia 1976 - PuertoRico 1979 - Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué Deslandes 1990 - Uganda, Kenya and Rwuanda 1998 - Zimbabwe 2001 - Paraguai and Brazil 2002 – Argentina 2003 - Bolivia 2004 – Uruguai,Colombia and USA • Up to 1992 – only one species identified as soybean rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi • In 1992 – found a 2nd species causing rust on soybean P. meibomiae – American rust P. pachyrhizi – Asian rust

4. 1957 1902 1940 1934 2004 1966 2003 1998 1999 2001 1934 2002 2001 Soybean rust around the world 2004 1996

5. Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil 2000/2004

6. PA PA PA PA Presence detected Severe losses detected 2001/02 2000/01 2002/03 2003/04 Actual status

7. Cruzaltinha, RS – 2002 BRS 154 3.015 kg/ha 1.632 kg/ha Losses: 46% treated Control 3.022 kg/ha 2.344 kg/ha BRS 153 Losses: 23%

8. São Desidério, BA - 2003 3550 kg/ha 1470 kg/ha Losses : 58%

9. Treated Control Pirapó, Paraguai – 2001

10. Losses Crop Season 2003/04 Fungicides + spray US$ 860 million 2. Yield + taxes US$ 1.2 billion 3. Total: US$ 2.06 billion Cost of Fungicides: US$ 30/ha (1 spray) Lazzaroto& Roessing, 2004

11. Consortium anti-rust Disease identification, management and control Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005

12. Initial Symptoms

14. Soybean Rust Typical symptoms:tiny dark brown lesions; leaves become yellow and falls. J.T. Yorinori

15. Soybean rust Symptoms are easily identified againts bright background J.T. Yorinori

16. Soybean Rust Diagnosis is confirmed through observation of small blisters on the underside of soybean leaves. C.V. Godoy

18. Soybean Rust 30 X lens to observe uredias in the leaf J.T. Yorinori

19. uredias W.M. Paiva

20. First detection in Brazil: Foz do Iguaçu, PR - 2001

21. Symptom´s Evolution And Defoliation 5-7 days after inoculation J.T. Yorinori Bright background J.T. Yorinori

22. 9 Days after inoculation J.T. Yorinori Bright background J.T. Yorinori

23. J.T. Yorinori 25 days after inoculation Yellowing and defoliation J.T. Yorinori

24. Initial symptons ocurred in R1-R2

25. Early defoliation due to Asian Rust São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori

26. MATO GROSSO Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

27. MATO GROSSO Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

28. Rust on the cotyledons - rare

29. Rust on the stems – uncomon

30. Rust on the pods - rare

31. Etiology: desease Cycle: 5-7 (9-11)days time

32. Spore germination pattern

33. Disease cycle Dissemination: wind 6-7 days occurs spore liberation J.T.Yorinori Dissemination One pustule releases spores along 3 weeks J.T.Yorinori M. Iamauti, 2004 development Free water on leaf surface Minimum: 6 h Optimun:12 - 14 h Direct penetration through stomata Infection Symptoms show up 5 days after inoculation Germination (optimun 180C – 260C) Penetration Reproduction M. Iamauti G.N.Agrios W.M.Paiva

34. Disease misidentification

35. Brown spot: Septoria glycines J.T. Yorinori J.T. Yorinori

36. Bacterial blight Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea

37. Downy mildew: Peronospora manshurica Soybean rust

38. A.M.R.Almeida L.M. Costamilan J.T. Yorinori Bacterial pustule Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines

39. Chemical Control When to control ? Scouting fields/sentinels to observe at the earliest sign of infcetion. Spray right after first symptoms are observed (pustules on plant botton leaves) or spray preventively, considering: Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots, Reduced operational capacity, Favorable weather conditions, Plant development stage, Rust present in the region, Incidence of other diseases (broad range fungicide).

40. Number of sprays? Stage of plant development when rust occurs Reincidence of rust Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?) Vegetative Reproductive W.M.Paiva

41. Products Registered for rust control in Brazil AGROFIT www.agricultura.gov.br

42. Soybean rust Active ingredient Rate (g i.a./ha) Comercial product 1 - Check 2 - azoxystrobin 50 Priori 3 - difenoconazole 50 Score 4 - tetraconazole 50 Domark 5 - fluquinconazole 62,5 Palisade 6 - flutriafol 62,5 Impact 7 - tebuconazole 250 100 Orius 8 - tebuconazole 200 100 Folicur 9 - myclobutanil 100 Systhane 10 - pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole 66,5+25 Opera 11 - trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole 56,2+24 Sphere 12 - azoxystrobin + ciproconazole 60+24 Priori Xtra 13 - trifloxystrobin + propiconazole 50+50 Stratego 14 - propiconazole 125 Juno 15 - epoxiconazole 37,5 Opus

43. Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado continua

44. continuação Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado

45. Spray Technology N.S. Almeida

46. Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to spray techniques IMPORTANT Reach the target with an adequate coverage. (minimun 60 drops/cm2)) J.T. Yorinori

47. The Green Bridge Problem Primavera do Leste, MT – 2003

49. A. Tschanz A. Tschanz C.V.Godoy RESISTANCE Lesion type TAN – no necrosis J.T. Yorinori Lesion type RB - reddish brown

50. Resistance: • There are four major genes: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e Rpp4 • Resistant cultivars BRS 134 BRSMS Bacuri CS 201 FT-2 FT-3 FT-17 FT-2001 Campos Gerais KIS 601 Ocepar 7