Presentation Transcript

1. The 1600s

   Whitney Longenecker Tayler Shreve NicArlandson
2. Developments in Thought French Classicism Emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design, another version of the high Renaissance period. Dutch Realism Focused on the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life.
3. Elites and Popular Culture Elites worked to broaden their horizons, learning about language, architecture, culture and geography. Still a notable difference between classes.
4. Literacy, Education, and Communication Latin was no longer the universal literary language. Education was beginning to be provided for all classes. The Revolution brought new changes in thought to the education system, and philosophers like John Locke, emphasized the importance of education. Life at birth was a blank slate, “tabula rasa”.
5. Literature and Art Baroque art and architecture sought to bring together the ideas of the Renaissance with the religious revivals. Reflected emotions and power Mannerismpurposely distorted the rules of proportion to convey senses of suffering and strong emotions. William Shakespeare's writing were vastly popular, many turned into dramas. Drama and Theater became a very popular expression for literature. 17th century considered the “Wondrous Age of Theater”
6. Baroque Style
7. Science and Technology New system of observation led to The Scientific Revolution Greatest advances made in astronomy, mechanics, and medicine. Galileo helped enhance the telescope and was called the father of modern physics. His work helped to better explain motion in the universe. He faced much contempt from the Catholic church. Newton invented calculus, the mathematical means of calculating rates of exchange and investigated universal gravitation.
8. Science and Technology Received a lot of scorn and contempt from the religious community. Advances in Medicine were led by three leading figures: Paracelsus, who believed that the chemical reactions of the universe were reproduced in the human body on a smaller scale. Andreas Vesalius, who was credited with the new illustration of human anatomy as well as the discovery of the heart as the major organ, not the liver. William Harvey, who discovered the heart was the beginning of the blood cycle.
9. Religion Late 16th early 17th centuries saw high witchcraft hunt and persecutions. Russia and other Balkan Christians were orthodox. The rest of Europe was divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants. Protestant ideas had spread the most in Northwest Europe. Lutheranism established itself firmly in Germany and Scandinavia, but France, Switzerland, and England were strong Calvinists.
10. The Thirty Years War
11. The Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648 Took place in the Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire. Germany was divided into two groups, the Protestant Union and the Catholic League, which led to the religious war. Divided into 4 phases: The Bohemian Phase The Danish Phase The Swedish Phase The French Phase
12. TheBohemianPhase Ferdinand of the Hapsburg family became Holy Roman emperor, and was a ardent Catholic. His election alarmed Bohemian Calvinists, who feared to loose their religious rights, so they revolted. Ferdinand’s troops forcefully ended the rebellion.
13. The Danish Phases Began when Christian IV, ruler of Denmark, supported the Protestants against Ferdinand. Ferdinand raised an army and conquered Christian’s duchy of Holstein. Rebels took control of Prague and elected a new king, Frederick V. The duchy of Holstein was restored to Christian, but he pledged not to intervene any further in German affairs.
14. The Swedish Phase The new protestant leader of Sweden, GustavasAdolphus, moved into Germany to fight the Hapsburgs. The war that had originally begun over religious issues had turned into a wider European war, fought mainly over political issues. Though the Swedes won many battles, they were defeated in the end by the emperor in Southern Germany. The war was ended with the Treaty of Prague
15. The French Phase The Treaty of Prague was destroyed when the French intervened directly in the war. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of Louis XIII, wanted to weaken the power of the Hapsburgs and take the province of Alsace. Emperor Ferdinand II died and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III. Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little headway until the death of the cardinal.
16. Outcomes of the War The Peace of Westphalia ensured all German states were free to determine their own religion. The 300 states that made up the Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent, and given the power to conduct their own foreign policy. This brought the end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity. Religion and politics were “separate”.
17. Louis XIV Louis the Great or the Sun King Monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre Believed in the divine right of kings Created a centralized state governed from the capital Attempted to eliminate feudalism Brought members of the nobility to Versailles
18. The General Crisis By definition: Term used to describe the period of widespread conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe
19. Great Turkish War A series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers in the Holy League during the second half of the seventeenth century Marked the end of the Ottoman invasion into Europe and the start of Ottoman retreat Austria gained most of Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia Poland recovered Podolia
20. End of Dutch Revolt 1568–1648 The successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the Duchy of Burgundy against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain On January 30, 1648, the war ended with the Treaty of Munster between Spain and the Netherlands Treaty of Munster: United Netherlands became independent from the Spanish Crown Treaty of Munster: Apart of the Peace of Westphalia
21. Disintegration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch Ethnic diversity and religious tolerance Guaranteed by the Warsaw Pact Entered a period of protracted political, military and economic decline
22. English Civil War 1642-1651 Great Rebellion Fighting took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I and opposing groups in each of Charles’s kingdoms Elizabeth I died in 1603 and both the thrones of England and Ireland were passed to James Stuart The civil war was amongst the Royalist north and west fighting against a Parliamentarian south and east Charles was tried, found guilty, and beheaded in January 1649
23. Bill of Rights 1689 “Bloodless Revolution” or the “Glorious Revolution” Put an end to the “divine right” of kings Written to take power from the royal family and move it to the representative-based Parliament
24. Charles I King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649 Attempted to receive royal income because he believed he was divinely ordained
25. Charles II Known as the Merry Monarch Enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code Favored a policy of religious tolerance In 1670, Charles entered into the secret treaty of Dover An alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV of France Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism Attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence English Parliament forced him to withdraw it Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 Ruled alone until his death
26. Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia Great Elector Deep believer in the Calvinist faith Associated with the rising commercial class Saw the importance of trade and promoted it Domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalia political order of north-central Europe
27. Interregnum A period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order The period of time between the end of one reign or regime and the beginning of the next
28. James I Succeeded Elizabeth I in 1603 King of Scotland at the time of Elizabeth’s death Although never had full control of the country Incredibly egotistical in his ability to argue, which is seen in his disputes with Parliament
29. James II King of England and Ireland as James II King of Scotland as James VII The last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland The second son of Charles I Came to the throne due to the death of his brother, Charles II Suspected of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and of having plans on becoming an absolute monarch When he produced a Catholic heir As a result, William III of Orange invaded James fled England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 Best known for struggles with the English Parliament and his attempts to create religious liberty for English Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists
30. Peter The Great Ruled 1682-1696 Ruled the Tsardom of Russia/ Russian Empire Expanded the Tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power Led a cultural revolution that replaced the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system
31. Petition of Right A major English constitutional document Passed in June 1628 Contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law Parliament refused to grant subsidies to support the war effort Led to Charles gathering "forced loans" without Parliamentary approval and arbitrarily imprisoning those who refused to pay
32. Restoration Began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established The term Restoration is also used to cover the whole reign of Charles II and James II
33. Test Act A series of English penal laws Served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists
34. Huge Grotius In partnership with both Francisco de Vitoria and AlbericoGentili, he laid the foundations for international law Based on natural law Set of rules binding in relations between states and nations Serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations
35. Gender Roles Caucasian women during the early 17th century had the privilege of learning basic reading and writing skills After achieving basic education, women were trained to become mothers and house wives.  Women had no influence in politics and legal issues of the day. Neither did they have a say in government policies. Essentially woman had no say in anything men felt women should not be involved in.  Women had no right to own a business or to hold any of the property once married 
36. Gender Roles Continued Women could not get a divorce.  Women wore simple clothing that resembled tunics, they were considered housewives and they did house chores or farming. They seldom had power, but some women became queens and conquered land. Mans job was to work and provide for the family was in charge of everything and technically owned everything
37. Industrialization Industrialization didn’t start until 18th century Europe focused on innovation with military rather than innovation in industry New materials and theories to better agricultural gains Only industries that increased were basic needed materials The glass, brick, iron, and coal industries boomed with demand of construction
38. Social Hierarchy 17th century Europe was time of gaining wealth and power The rich were seen as nobility Nobles and rich completely ruled over peasants Few people in middle class poverty was increasingly evident with large gap between rich and poor Merchants status rose Nobles, gentry, gentlemen, yeomen, craftsmen, labourers, tenent farmers
39. Urbanization Countries with growing wealth created big urban centers The Dutch, with the rapidly growing economy was the most urbanized Large urban centers arose in prosperous countries like France, England, and the Dutch Ingo jones Introduced 'classical' style architecture Large grand structures to represent wealth
40. State and Private Economies All Mercantilism economies All free trade and competition “Bulionism" Hispanic mercantilism “Colbertism" French mercantilism All currency was dealt in precious metals Gold and silver “Balance of trade" more exports then imports “Mare liberum" Dutch mercantilism “Free/ open seas" Private economies were basic materials, then crafted goods All private economies also run from precious metals Great gaps of rich and poor and holding of wealth in all European states Many monopolies were set into place