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The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s

The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326. Beginnings. Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13 th -14 th centuries

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The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s

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  1. The Early Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1600s

  2. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

  3. Beginnings • Gazi warriors are “fighters for the faith” and their excellent skills help to expand Ottoman territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries • Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers • 1071 Seljuq Turks defeated the Byzantines. In 1277 they defeated the Mongols – individuals able to carve out principalities in Anatolia in the midst of this upheaval • Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, was a gazi warrior and commanded great loyalty from his followers • Osman succeeded in expanding his small territory into new areas in 13th-14th centuries

  4. Military Organization • In the Balkans, Ottomans forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military and state service: devshirme -Often grew up to be exceptionally loyal Janissaries (infantry) and sate administrators • Sipahis: Cavalry maintained with income from their fiefs (timar lands). But peasants on their land not serfs

  5. Janissaries

  6. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

  7. Ottoman Expansion • Mehmed I and Murad II presided over the period of final consolidation of Ottoman power in Europe • Must concurrently deal with unrest in Anatolia in addition to Balkan campaigns and threats from Hungary • 1439: occupy Serbia but are still unable to capture Belgrade, still a Hungarian border fortress • 1444: Victory at Varna important for the fate of the rest of the Balkans and Constantinople

  8. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481(“The Conqueror”)

  9. Fall of Constantinople • 1453: Constantinople falls to Ottomans under Mehmed II “The Conqueror” • Renamed Istanbul • Transformation from warrior sultan to emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)

  10. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

  11. Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature

  12. Suleyman the Magnificent (cont.) • 1526: Battle of Mohacs in Hungary, won by the Ottomans under Suleyman the Magnificent. Height of Ottoman power. • Suleyman also known as “Kanuni” i.e. Lawgiver: reconciles Islamic Law with requirements of Ottoman administration • Besieges Vienna. • Builds naval power • Expands into Asia • Encourages learning

  13. The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

  14. The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Heads of IndividualReligious Millets Social / MilitaryDivans Muslims Jews Local Administrators& Military Christians Landowners / Tax Collectors

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