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World War II: Barcelona to Blitzkrieg

World War II: Barcelona to Blitzkrieg. 1914-Present Lesson 5. 1939-45. The Second World War over 65 million dead over 22 million refugees over 10 million Holocaust deaths over $1 trillion in costs & damages. Prelude to the Nightmare: The Spanish Civil War.

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World War II: Barcelona to Blitzkrieg

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  1. World War II: Barcelona to Blitzkrieg 1914-Present Lesson 5

  2. 1939-45 • The Second World War • over 65 million dead • over 22 million refugees • over 10 million Holocaust deaths • over $1 trillion in costs & damages

  3. Prelude to the Nightmare: The Spanish Civil War • Origins of Spain’s Civil War, 1936-39 • Reforms of Red Republic of 1936 • Franco’s invasion • Republicans vs. Nationalists • Results • Franco dictator to 1975 • Anti-communist reforms • Nationalist policies • Spain in the Cold War • Harbinger • Spain as Nazi/Fascist “Proving Ground” • Atrocities & Ideological Posturing

  4. A Quick Note on Mein Kampf… • Written in prison after Beer Hall Putsch, 1922 • Fundamental Points • expand eastern borders for Lebensraum • incorporate contingent German areas (Austria, Poland, etc.) • subordinate “sub-humans” (Jews, Slavs, Poles, Gypsies) • Responses • Intellectuals • The Masses

  5. Dismantling the Versailles Peace • Reviewing Hitler’s Domestic Approach • SA, SS/SD, & Gestapo • Mein Kampf policies • Nuremburg Laws • Revive econ. with aggressive foreign policy & heavy regulation • Foreign Policy • preach disarmament, practice expansion • The Anschluss • Versailles Treaty Renounced in 1935 • military reorganized • reoccupation of the Rhineland • Why no response? • 1936 “Pact of Steel” • Rome-Berlin Axis

  6. Dismantling the Versailles Peace • Chamberlain (GBR) & Appeasement • contain Hitler, but avoid conflict • contain communism • “peace in our time” • The Munich Agreement, 1938 • GER gets Sudetenland; Hitler promises no further expansion • Reality • GER annexes Czechoslovakia • Rhetoric toward German pop. in Poland

  7. Descent into War • Poland • German territories • Poles concede Polish Corridor • Russo-German Non-Aggression Treaty, 1939 • agree to divide Poland • GBR & FRA ultimatum • “Border Incident” compels German invasion, Sept. 1, 1939 • POL falls in a month • USSR occupies east, overcomes debacle in Winter War vs. Finland

  8. Japan’s “Asia for the Asians” • Resetting Japan since 1868 • Industrialized, but low on raw materials • Govt. & military modeled on West (GBR & GER) • Imperial Japan • Korea annexed 1894 • Victory in Russo-Japanese War 1905 • Sphere of influence in CHN • Western empire-envy • Naval arms race • Getting no respect • Versailles concessions • Militarism & the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

  9. Tanks Learning from World War I • New technology promoted speedy attacks (mechanized war)

  10. Long-Range Aircraft Learning from World War I • New technology exposed heavy defensive arms

  11. Paratroops Amphibious Warfare Learning from World War I • New technology emphasized combined arms

  12. Blitzkrieg! • “Lightning War” • Tanks, bombers, & “Shock Troops” push deep into enemy lines • Heavy defenses bypassed • Infantry consolidates power over conquered area • New strategy, no defense!

  13. Blitzkrieg! • Early German victories: • Poland (1 mo.) • Denmark (11 hrs.) • Norway (2 mo.) • Holland (2 days) • Belgium (1 mo.) • Puppet Nazi govts. set up in all these countries

  14. The Fall of France • Surprise attack through Ardennes Forest—bypassed Maginot Line • Slow French response (WWI leadership) • Seige at Dunkirk: 338,000 British & French troops evacuated • France surrenders in 3 mo. • Puppet govt. in Vichy • The Resistance & the Free French

  15. Policies in Occupied Europe • Puppet govts., martial law • Conversion to Reichsmarks • Collaboration & Resistance • Deportations—Jews, Gypsies, communists

  16. The Onslaught Stalls • Battle of Britain, 1940 • GER can’t invade GBR • Battle for the Atlantic, 1940-41 • US shipping to GBR sustained • ITA falters in SE Europe & N Africa, 1941-42 • pulls GER resources from more important fronts

  17. Operation Barbarossa • Frustration over Britain & Hitler’s lebensraum • Stalin’s blunders • “Something beyond war” • By Dec. 1941, Germans at gates of Moscow, BUT… • stalled in coldest winter since 1812 • Millions of Russian troops moving in from Siberia

  18. Reckoning in the Pacific • Japan’s resource crunch • role of US trade • Occupation of Indochina • US “Hull Ultimatum” • What is at stake for Japan: • needed resources plentiful in vulnerable SE Asia • Political & diplomatic cost of ultimatum • how long until US is ready?

  19. 1942: Turning the Tide • Britain critical but alive • German assault on Moscow stalled, lose 200,000+ at Stalingrad • British win key battles in North Africa • Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brings USA into war

  20. German, 1939

  21. American, 1943

  22. American, 1942

  23. Canadian, 1943

  24. American, 1942

  25. American, 1942

  26. American, 1942

  27. German, 1943

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