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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Corrections: An Overview. The Corrections Explosion. Causative Factors: Get-tough-on-crime laws. The War on Drugs. Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability and public outcry. The growth dynamic of the corrections boom. Correctional Clients. Prison inmates Probationers

vernon-rowland
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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Corrections: An Overview

  2. The Corrections Explosion • Causative Factors: • Get-tough-on-crime laws. • The War on Drugs. • Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability and public outcry. • The growth dynamic of the corrections boom.

  3. Correctional Clients • Prison inmates • Probationers • Parolees • Offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs • Offenders held in jails

  4. Types of Crime • Felony: A serious criminal offense; specifically one punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year. • Misdemeanor: A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less. • Infraction: A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty other than incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration.

  5. Other Types of Crime • Violent Crime: Interpersonal crime that involves the use of force by offenders or results in injury or death to victims. • Property Crime: Burglary, larceny, automobile theft, and arson, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports.

  6. Uniform Crime Reports • The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I (index, or major) and Part II (non-index) crime data, based on offenses reported to police agencies across the United States. • The Crime Index reports major violent and property crimes as Part I offenses. • Offenses not included in the Crime Index are called Part II offenses, which do not include traffic violations.

  7. Index Crimes • Murder • Forcible Rape • Robbery • Aggravated Assault • Burglary • Larceny-Theft • Motor Vehicle Theft • Arson

  8. Measuring Crime • Crime Index: An annual statistical tally of major crimes known to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. • Crime Rate: The number of index offenses reported per unit of population.

  9. Crime Rates, 2004 • U.S.: 3,983 offenses per 100,000 • South: 4,563 per 100,000 • West: 4,372 per 100,000 • Midwest: 3,672 per 100,000 • Northeast: 2,750 per 100,000

  10. Murder Statistics, 2004 • 16,137 murders • 5.5 per 100,000 • 78% of murder victims were male • 90.2% of victims were 18 or older • 49.8% of victims were white • 47.6% of victims were black • Slightly more than 90% of murderers were male • 50% of murderers were black • 47.6% of murderers were white

  11. Solving and Clearing Crimes • Clearance: An offense is considered cleared, or solved, when at least one person is charged with the offense, or a suspect has been identified and located, but circumstances prevent charges being brought. • Clearance Rate: The number of offenses cleared divided by the number of offenses known by the police.

  12. Other Crime Reporting Systems • National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): A revision of the Uniform Crime Reports that includes many details about each reported crime that are not collected under the UCR. • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): Collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of victimization by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, and both simple and aggravated assault.

  13. The NCVS • Surveys 84,000 households. • Collects criminal victimization information from 149,000 household members age 12 years and older. • Does not measure homicides or commercial crimes (e.g., store robberies). • Summarizes reasons given for reporting or not reporting victimization to authorities.

  14. Criminal Justice • The process of achieving justice through the application of criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system. Also, the study of the field of criminal justice. • The Criminal Justice System: the collective agencies that perform criminal justice operations, administration, and technical support functions. The basic divisions include police, courts, and corrections.

  15. Entering the System • Nolle Prosequi: A prosecutor’s action to drop criminal charges after the charges have been filed. When the action is taken, a case is said to be nolled or nollied. • Preliminary Hearing: A pre-trial hearing to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court.

  16. Judicial Procedures • Adjudication: The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case. • Arraignment: An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding.

  17. Sentencing Options • Death • Incarceration • Probation • Fines • Restitution • Community Service

  18. Writ of Certiorari • A writ issued by an appellate court to obtain from a lower court the record of its proceedings in a particular case.

  19. The Correctional Subsystem • Institutional Corrections: That aspect of the correctional enterprise that “involves the incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime while awaiting trial and adjudication.” • Noninstitutional Corrections: That aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes “pardon, probation, and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care.”

  20. Corrections • All the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes.

  21. Mores and Folkways • Mores: Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of a group’s values. • Folkways: Time-honored ways of doing things. Although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the social group’s survival.

  22. Professionalism • Profession: An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members. • CorrectionsProfessional: A dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart. • Certification: A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized.

  23. Core Traits • Accountability • Strong Writing Skills • Effective Presentational Skills • A Logical Mind and the Ability to Solve Problems

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