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Wake-up

Wake-up. Explain the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell. Write down the summative formula for BOTH photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How do they compare?. AVID Review #3 . Christopherson. Structure and Components of the Nucleus. Nucleolus. DNA (Gray lines). Nucleus.

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Wake-up

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  1. Wake-up • Explain the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell. • Write down the summative formula for BOTH photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How do they compare?

  2. AVID Review #3 Christopherson

  3. Structure and Components of the Nucleus Nucleolus DNA (Gray lines) Nucleus

  4. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  5. Structure of a Nucleotide a. Adenine 1. Phosphate b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Guanine 3. Nitrogen Base 2. Deoxyribose

  6. DNA Discovery: Chargaff He spent time examining the nitrogen bases of different organisms

  7. He found that there were equal amounts of Adenine and Thymine; also equal amounts of Guanine and Cytosine

  8. DNA Discovery: Watson and Crick Used their own data and information collected by the other scientists to discover the shape of DNA

  9. Structure of DNA Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base Phosphate

  10. Matching Strands of DNA Remember that A=T and G=C A T G C T T A C A T G C T A C T T A A C T A C G A A T G T A C G A T G A A T T G

  11. Cell Chromosome: DNA that is completely coiled-up; condensed Nucleus DNA winds around Histones; similar to spools DNA keeps winding up; tighter and tighter Chromatin: Loose mass of DNA

  12. DNA Replication: Purpose To make copies of DNA

  13. Replication: Why? Growth/Development

  14. Replication: Why? Replace old cells

  15. Replication: Why? Asexual Reproduction: Offspring is an identical copy of the parent

  16. Double Helix Phosphate Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base

  17. Steps in DNA Replication #1 DNA Helicase (enzyme) attaches to DNA strand. Helicase unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds holding together the bases

  18. Helicase Helicase Double Helix Phosphate Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base

  19. Steps in DNA Replication #2 DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to exposed strands. It adds matching nucleotides. It also proofreads its work to make sure there is no mistakes.

  20. DNA Backbone DNA Polymerase T A C G Nucleotide

  21. Steps in DNA Replication #3 Old Old New New Produce 2 identical strands of DNA

  22. Chromatid(s): Wound up strand of DNA; two strands are sister chromatids Chromosome Centromere: Central part of a chromosome When a chromosomes is shaped like an “X”, DNA has been replicated (copied)

  23. Interphase Stages – (c) G2 (2nd growth): Cell completes the growth; organelles and cytoplasm Purpose: Cell Preparation; getting the cell ready to divide Stages - (a) G1 (1st growth): Cell starts to make more organelles for new cell Stages – (b) S (Synthesis): DNA is replicated in the nucleus

  24. Is this a Plant cell or Animal cell?

  25. Is this a Plant cell or Animal cell?

  26. Mitosis: Purpose Divide the DNA in the nucleus

  27. Mitosis: Prophase • Spindle fibers appear • Chromatin (loose DNA) winds up into chromosomes (condensed DNA) • The membrane of the nucleus disappears

  28. Mitosis: Metaphase The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres and pull the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

  29. Mitosis: Anaphase The sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell

  30. Mitosis: Telophase a. The nucleus reappears b. DNA uncoils/unwinds; chromosome to chromatin c. Spindle fibers disappear

  31. Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm and organelles Produces two identical CELLS

  32. What is a Body Cell? All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.

  33. All organisms have chromosomes (condensed DNA); Also a specific number

  34. Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

  35. Location of the Cell Cycle Within an organisms body cells

  36. 1st Step of the Cell Cycle Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by making more organelles and cytoplasm; Replicates DNA

  37. 2nd Step of the Cell Cycle Mitosis: The replicated DNA is separated Made up of PMAT

  38. 3rd Step of the Cell Cycle Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell

  39. End Result of the Cell Cycle Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

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