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Dietary Needs

Dietary Needs. Michelle Ji , Sam Shober , April Zhang. Our Topic. Goal: Assess dietary needs of people in our area D etermine whether men or women were picker eaters Conducted survey that asked participants if any of the following were applicable: Vegetarian Diabetic

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Dietary Needs

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  1. Dietary Needs Michelle Ji, Sam Shober, April Zhang

  2. Our Topic • Goal: Assess dietary needs of people in our area • Determine whether men or women were picker eaters • Conducted survey that asked participants if any of the following were applicable: • Vegetarian • Diabetic • Allergic to any foods • Dieting • A picky eater • Took note of age rangeand gender

  3. Oral Surveying Procedure • Systematic Random Surveying Method • Choose shopping/entertainment centers with heavy foot traffic • RandInt locations to use • Survey every third person that passes • Pros: • wide variety of people in older age groups • Cons: • Few teenagers • Inconclusive data for testing • Fewer non-response than Facebook surveying • Conclusion: • Most accurate/representative overall

  4. Facebook Procedure • Systematic Facebook Surveying Method • Make event and invite all friends • Every third response is counted in data • Pros: • More than 400 responses • Received more data that was in our favor • Conditions met proceed to testing • Cons: • Only two people outside of 15-20 age range • Conclusion: • Most amount of dataoverall and in allowed us to test • Most representative of teenage age range

  5. Background Information • Vegetarianism • Lacto-Ovo (milk & eggs) • Ovo (only eggs) • Lacto (only milk) • Pescatarian (fish & seafood) • Strict (no meat/dairy/eggs but other animal products allowed) • Vegan (no animal products for consumption or use) • Vegetarian Stats (2008) • 7.3 million Americans are vegetarians • 3.2% of Americans are vegetarians

  6. Background Information • Vegetarians • 59% female • 41% male • 42% 18-34 years old • 40.7% 35-54 years old • 17.4% over 55 years old • Food Allergies • 4% of Americans have food allergies • 6% of children have food allergies • 2% of adults have food allergies • 60% female, 40% male • Tree nuts, peanuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish account for 90% of food allergies

  7. Background Information • Dieting • Dieting industry earned 55 billion dollars in 2006 • Estimated 72 million dieters in US • In last 10 years, 70% of females and 30% of males have been on a diet • 1/3 of women and ¼ of men are currently on a diet

  8. Background Information • Diabetes • 25.8 million people have diabetes • 8.3% population • 0.26% people under 20 • 11.3% people above 20 • 26.9% people above 65 • 11.8% men 20 or older • 10.8% women 20 or older

  9. Pre-Survey/Test Predictions • Females will demonstrate pickier eating habits than males • ie, more females will identify themselves as having a food allergy, being vegetarian, or being on a diet • Prediction based on personal experience as well as commentary from some survey participants

  10. Exploratory Analysis: Gender and Dieting In our sample… • 11.67% of females were on a diet • 4.76% of males were on a diet Conclusion: • More females than males in Bucks and Montgomery County that frequent shopping and entertainment centers are on a diet. • More likely that any given male or female will not be on a diet rather than on a diet

  11. Exploratory Analysis:Age and Dieting In our sample… • 6.15% of teens were on a diet • 9.09% of young adults on a diet • 17.5% of middle age adults were on a diet • 0% of senior citizens were on a diet Conclusion: • Middle aged adults (age 31-59) are more likely to be on a diet than any other age group • Very rare to find senior citizenson a diet in Bucks/Montgomery County • In all age groups, it is more likely to find someone not on a diet than on a diet.

  12. Exploratory Analysis:Vegetarians (In general) In our sample, • 6.31% of people were vegetarians • 93.69% of people were not vegetarians Conclusion: • Most people in the Bucks and Montgomery area are not vegetarians

  13. 1 Prop Z Test Determine if the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/Montgomery County is equal to the proportion across America. ^ p= .0631 n=220 StateCheck * SRS * random sample * np * 222(.0631) nq> 10 222(.9369) >10 * pop > 10n * all vegetarians > 2220conditions met normal model 1 Prop Z Test ^ ^

  14. 1 Prop Z Test ^ p= .0631 n=220 = 2.6297 P(z>2.6297)= .0043 We reject the Ho because our p-value of .0043 is less than an alpha level of .05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of vegetarians is greater than 3.2%. Therefore, we can conclude that the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks and Montgomery County is greater than the proportion of vegetarians all across America.

  15. Exploratory Analysis:Picky Eaters by Gender In our sample, • 15.9% of males were picky eaters • 19.4% of females were picky eaters Conclusion: • Both males and females are more likely to not be a picky eaters than to be a picky eaters. • It appears as if there are more female picky eaters than male picky eaters. To be sure, we need a 2 Prop Z test…

  16. 2 Prop Z Test ^ ^ pW= .194 pM=.1591nw=134 nM=88 To determine if a larger proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County women identify themselves as picky eaters compared to Bucks/Montgomery County men. StateCheck *2 independent SRS * random sample * nWpW * 134(.194)nWqW> 10 134(.806) > 10 nMpM 88(.1591) nMqM 88(.8409) * popW> 10nW *all female picky eaters > 1340popM> 10nM * all male picky eaters > 880conditions met normal distribution  2 Prop Z test ^ ^ ^ ^

  17. 2 Prop Z Test = .6625 P(z>.7134)= .2538 We fail to reject the Ho because our p-value of .2538 is greater than an alpha level of .05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County male picky eaters. ^ ^

  18. Exploratory Analysis:Gender and Food Allergies In our sample… • 18.66% of females had food allergies • 6.8% of males had food allergies Conclusion: • More likely to find a male or a female without food allergies than with food allergies. • It appears that females are twice as likely to have food allergies than males. • To be sure these variables are related, we need a x2 test of homogeneity…

  19. X2 Test For Homogeneity To determine if food allergies is related to gender. StateCheck *Categorical * Gender and allergies data are categorical *SRS * Random sample * All expected * all expected cell counts cell counts > 5 > 5 conditions met  x2 distribution  x2 test for homogeneity

  20. X2 Test For Homogeneity Ho: There is no association between gender and food allergies. Ha: There is an association between gender and food allergies. =6.1962 P(X2>6.1962)=.0128 df=1 We reject the Ho because our p-value of .0128 is less than an alpha of .05. We have sufficient evidence that there is an association between gender and food allergies.

  21. Application • Women in Bucks/Montgomery County are more likely to have food allergies. • However, our 2 Prop Z Test shows that the proportion of female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of male picky eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County.

  22. Application • Proportion of vegetarians in our area is greater than the proportion throughout America • Could be because ofdifference in years (the study we referenced came from 2008) • Concern with healthy eating habits might have peaked since 2008more people may start becoming vegetarian • Or, our area could be more open to vegetarianism and healthy eating than other places throughout the country

  23. Bias and Error • No foot traffic at certain locations • Voluntary response bias • Facebook and man at Genaurdi’s • People carrying heavy loads, on the phone, walk past us, have little kids, listening to music, etc • Systematic random sampling is not an ideal method • Explaining • Large Groups • Wording of questions • AP vs. High School • Non response bias • People’s personal opinions or perceptions • Flexi-tarian, healthy eaters, etc • Age groups • 15-20 on Facebook • Older people at grocery stores • Stores closed at the times we want to survey • People giving unserious answers • Under-coverage • People away for Memorial Weekend or not out shopping while we were conducting our survey

  24. Personal Opinions • Surveying in person is definitely one if not the most difficult type of data collection • Encounter strange people • Probably will never be utilized again, for any future projects (unless required) • Facebook data collection is the most efficient if you have many ‘friends’ • But will probably be the most biased • Surprised that women and men were equally ‘picky’ eaters

  25. Conclusions/Recap of Data • Dieting: • Females > males in Bucks/Montgomery County on diet • 31-59 most likely to be on diet • Senior citizens will most likely NOT be on a diet • Residents in this area more likely NOT to be on diet • Vegetarians: • Most people in the Bucks/ Montgomery are not vegetarians • Proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/ Montgomery > proportion of vegetarians across America • Picky Eating: • Proportion of female and male picky eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County are the same • Males and females within this area are more likely to NOT be picky eaters • Food Allergies • There is an association between gender and food allergies • Females > males • More likely to NOT have food allergies in Bucks/Montgomery • Surveying: • Some methods better than others • Depends on time allotted and results you are hoping to get • Future • Try different surveying methods • Survey according to time of day • Attempted but was futile • Survey more people • Survey in a wider variety of places • Make sure all questions are the same when asked • Be more clear about restrictions • Definition of picky eater/vegetarian is different depending on the person • Overall Conclusion: It is not likely to find picky eaters (in general) in the Bucks/Montgomery County area whether out of choice or inevitability.

  26. Observations While Surveying • “Save the world” • Asking for a prize • “REJECT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS!” • Voluntary response bias NOT through Facebook • 2nd person in our survey came up to April and asked to answer the questions • “See Food Diet” • Couples and Picky Eating

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