PowerPoint Learning Quest

1. PowerPoint Learning Quest Biology 9 Unit 1 : Scientific Method Created by: Jeff Wolf and Elizabeth Weninger

2. Objectives: After completing this Learning Quest the student will… • Describe the detailed steps of Scientific Method (OHEC) used when conducting experiments. • Apply the Scientific Method steps in the development of their own experiment.

3. Directions • Follow the instructions in the Anticipation Guide found in this PowerPoint Presentation. • Follow the instructions and answer all questions found in the Learning Guide. • Follow the instructions in the Conclusion guide. • ALL THREE GUIDES CAN BE FOUND IN THIS LEARNING POWERPOINT QUEST

4. Anticipation Guide (Page 1) • Scientists use many skills in order to gather information. • When a scientist begins to gather information, we often call this period of gathering information REASEARCH. Research can be done by reading and experimenting.

5. Anticipation Guide (Page 2) • The four key steps of the scientific method include: • Observations. • A Hypothesis. • An Experiment. • And Conclusion. • These can easily be remembered as OHEC! The following slides will give you an example of OHEC in a simulated experiment. The experiment will be the testing of different types of paper airplanes.

6. Anticipation Guide (Page3) • In our first step, it is important to observe the object to decide what scientific questions you should ask. • In the case of our simulated experiment, a scientist can watch an airplane launch from different angles, as well as, from different heights. A scientist can also watch what happens when an airplane lands on a tile surfaced floor compared to when an airplane lands on a carpeted floor. Observing the flight of two different airplanes may also be a possibility during this stage of the OHEC research process.

7. Anticipation Guide (Page 4) • The next step in our OHEC research process is the hypothesis. When a person makes an educated guess, based on prior information, this guess is called a hypothesis. A hypothesis can also be a suggested solution on how to solve a problem. • In the case of our simulated paper airplane experiment, a scientist could make a hypothesis that a paper airplane, launch at a 30 degree angle will fly further than a paper airplane launched at a 35 degree angle.

8. Anticipation Guide (Page 5) • The third step in the OHEC research process is the experimentationstep. • In the experiment step of our simulated paper airplane experiment, a scientist could throw a paper airplane at a 30 degree angle three times, and then throw the same airplane at a 35 degree angle three times to determine the average length of travel. This would help in determining which angle allows for a greater distance for the airplane flight.

9. Anticipation Guide (Page 6) • The final step in the OHEC research process is the development of a conclusion. • Depending on the results of our paper airplane experiment, a scientist could conclude whether the paper airplane launched at a 30 degree angle flew further than a paper airplane launched at a 35 degree angle. Therefore, within the conclusion statement the scientist can prove or disprove their original hypothesis.

10. In addition to OHEC, scientists often use other skills that are connected to the observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion process known as scientific method. These skills can be classified in one or more of the OHEC steps: Measuring. Inferring. Classifying. Organizing. Predicting. Modeling. Analyzing. Learning Guide (Page 1)

11. Learning Guide (Page 2) • Although scientists do not use all of these skills while conducting, their research it is important that scientists think like detectives and use all their skills to solve a mystery. Sometimes by solving these mysteries, scientists can help prevent the destruction of an endangered species or even help cure a contagious disease. • In the Learning Guide, we will look at these skills more closely.

12. Learning Guide (Page 3) • One science skill, important to all scientists is measuring. Measuring can be used in the observing, hypothesis or the experimental steps of the OHEC science research process. Measuring can be a very important tool when a scientist needs an exact observation. • The length of our paper airplane flights would be important information for our simulate experiment in the Anticipation Guide.

13. Learning Guide (Page 4) • Another science skill used by scientist is classifying. Classifying occurs when you group objects based on how they are alike. This could be used in the experiment or conclusion steps of OHEC! • The paper airplane flights could be grouped by launching angle or distance the airplane flew.

14. Learning Guide (Page 5) • Organizing your research is another science skill where a scientist can group his or her work in chronological order (i.e. presenting ideas according to the time in which they occurred), or emphatic order (i.e. placing ideas in order based on importance).

15. Learning Guide (Page 6) • Predicting, another science skill, gives the scientist an opportunity to make a guess on the outcome of their research. Sometimes this guess will be an educated guess and sometimes this guess will be just a gamble.

16. Learning Guide (Page 7) • The final two skills important to scientist are modeling and analyzing. A model, for example, a drawing, diagram or 3-D copy can be very helpful in studying a particular problem. • When a scientist analyzes information, they study it carefully before presenting the information to someone important such as a doctor or a professor at a university.

17. Learning Guide (Page 8) • Inferring is also another important tool to a scientist. When you infer, you form a conclusion based upon facts. This is an important portion to the concluding step of the OHEC process.

18. The dependent variable is a measure of the change. Any changes in it depends on changes made to the independent variable. The Dependent variable demonstrates the effect of changing the independent variable. For example, if Jim is down the school hallway and comes to an intersection, he can either turn left towards the gym or right towards the office. If Jim has gym class now, that decision determines which way Jim will be going. Therefore, the independent variable is Jim’s gym class and the dependent variable is the fact that Jim will turn left. Learning Guide (Page 9) Dependent and Independent Variables

19. When you suggest a solution to a problem, you are offering a ______. By creating a diagram of how the paper airplane flew, you are presenting a ______ to the audience. When you use all of your senses during an experiment, you are making an ________. Chronological order is another form of _________ your information. When you study your information carefully, you are ________ it. __________is when a scientist forms a conclusion based upon facts without making observations. __________ is grouping objects based upon how they are alike. Analyzing. Classifying. Observation. Hypothesis. Modeling. Organizing. Inferring. Learning Guide (Page 10) Practice Assessment #1: Find your teacher before taking this assessment. Print this form and finish the following sentences to the left with their terms to the right.

20. Conclusion Guide (Page 1) Part One: Graphing Skills • In part one of the Conclusion Guide, your job will be to recall your graphing skills. Graphing is an important part of being a scientist. Graphs can be used to display data that was collected during an experiment. • Graphs must always be constructed correctly and accurately to portray the data collected from the experiment. • A graph must contain five key parts in order to display the data collected accurately. These five major parts are: The title, the independent variable , the dependent variable ,the scales for each variable and a legend.

21. Conclusion Guide (Page 2) • Part one: The Title. • The title tells the reader what the graph is about. Within this title the scientist should make a clear statement about the experiment’s independent and dependent variables. TITLE!!! Title Title

22. Conclusion Guide (Page 3) • Part two: The Independent Variable. • The independent variable is the part of the experiment that can be controlled by the scientist. These sections of the experiment usually include time, depth, and temperature. • The independent variable is always placed on the x- axis (horizontal axis). The x axis

23. Conclusion Guide (Page 4) • Part three: The Dependent Variable. • The dependent variable is that variable which is directly affected by the independent variable. • Here is a perfect example of how independent variables are found during an experiment. Example question: How many oxygen bubbles does a dolphin produce located at 15 meters below the surface of the water? The oxygen bubbles are dependent on the depth of the water. • Therefore the measure of the bubbles would be a dependent variable and would be placed on the y -axis (vertical axis). The y axis

24. 20 cm 10 cm 0 cm Conclusion Guide (Page 5) • Part four: Scales for each Variable. • When constructing a graph one needs to know where to plot the points to correctly represent the data. • To do this a scale must be developed to include all the data points from the experiment. The scientist must also realize that the graph can only take up a minimum amount of space (one page). • Scales should always start with 0 and climb based on intervals such as multiples of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and so on.

25. Conclusion Guide (Page 6) • Part five: The Legend. • The legend is a short descriptive narrative giving the reader information about the graph’s data. • Legends should always be placed into short sentences and placed underneath the graph. Legend Legend!!!

26. Conclusion Guide (Page 7) Practice Assessment #2: Using the following data below, answer the following questions on the next slide and then construct a line graph (Answer questions 6-9 after you have constructed the graph).

27. Conclusion Guide (Page 8) • Click on the graph to the left. At this time, Microsoft Word will open on your computer. Print this graph so it can be used for practice assessment number two.

28. Conclusion Guide (Page 9) • What is the dependent variable? Explain. • What is the independent variable? Explain. • What title would you give the graph? • What are the mean, median, and mode of all 3 columns of data? • Depth: Mean? Median? Mode? • Bubble Plant A: Mean? Median? Mode? • Bubble Plant B: Mean? Median? Mode? • What conclusions can be determined from the data in graph 1? • What conclusion can be determined from the data in graph 2? • Can the data in each of these graphs be used to construct other types of graphs? • If so, what other graph types can be constructed? Print these questions and once you finished them please turn them in to your teacher.

29. Conclusion Guide (Page 10) Part Two: Development of an Experiment • Optional: • For part two of your Conclusion Guide, you will develop an experiment using the OHEC process as well as all of the specific skills needed for completing an OHEC process. See your teacher for some suggestions. Remember to use all seven science skills in the experiment and lab write up.

30. Works Cited • http://www.chemie.at/scientist.jpg • http://www.ruggeriphoto.com/images/scientist.jpg • http://www.bakerhughes.com/bakerpetrolite/images/additives/scientist_at_microscope.jpg • http://www.houghton.edu/images2/academics/science.jpg • http://www.afsv.af.mil/NWVW/images/Aug-Sept03/PaperAirplanes.jpg • http://www.fountainofbaloney.com/Resources/paperairplane.jpg • http://www.fotosearch.com/comp/EYW/EYW184/gbu_010.jpg • http://www.sjcschoolnews.org/teachers/17/images/paper%20airplanes.jpg • http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/magazine/stories/images/questionmarks.jpg • http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.kobold.demon.co.uk/kinetics/maxboltz.gif

31. Move onto Unit #2 PowerPoint.