Presentation Transcript

1. 11 million people were exterminated
2. 1933-1945 6 million Jews 5 million others (homosexuals, the mentally and physically handicapped, prisoners of war, and Gypsies)
3. They were shot, starved, gassed and burned…
4. Defining the Holocaust the annihilation of the Jews and other groups of European people under the Nazi regime during World War II GENOCIDE: the systematic extermination of a nationality or group HOLOCAUST -originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire “Jews are not welcome here”
5. Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only… 7, 650 live prisoners
6. European Jewish Population in 1933 was 9,508,340
7. Estimated Jewish survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211
8. How did the Holocaust Happen? The Power of Words Anti-Semitism The Stages of Isolation
9. The Power of Words… “The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small one” “How fortunate for leaders that men do not think” “The victor will never be asked if he told the truth” “The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew” What do all these quotes have in common?
10. All belong to Adolf Hitler…
11. Europe’s age-old Anti-Semitism the hatred of or prejudice against Jews common since the Middle Ages when the Catholic Church taught that Jews were responsible for killing Jesus Jews were expelled for a time from France (1254), England (1290), and Spain (1492) people blamed the Jews for the Black Death hundreds were burned at the stake amidst general persecution and murder of Jews {16th century drawing }
12. Anti-Semitism pogroms took place in Russia towards the end of the 19th century, Jewish bankers were blamed for Germany’s economic woes. The Jews were seen as evil and greedy capitalists Jewish Conspiracy The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Henry Ford after the defeat in WWI, German anti-Semitism reached new heights as Jews were blamed for the loss
13. The Stages of Isolation (The Holocaust) The Holocaust was a progression of acts leading to the annihilation of millions: 1: Stripping of Rights 2: Segregation 3: Concentration 4: Extermination
14. 1935  Stage 1: Stripping of Rights Nuremberg Laws (1935) stated that all German JEWS were : stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses boycotted banned from schools & universities marriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow “Star of David” Jewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a special income tax
15. Passports to be carried at all times: “J” for “Juden” Seat Restrictions on Streetcars Identification and Registration
16. Identifying Jewish Businesses Boycott Boycotting Jewish Shops
17. Kristallnacht - 1938 the Nazis began deporting Polish Jews living in Germany Herschel Grynszpan had been sent by his parents to Paris when his family was deported, Grynszpan, by way of protest, attempts to assassinate a German diplomat in the Paris embassy (the official dies two days later) Nazi hierarchy suggests an international Jewish conspiracy exists back in Germany (and Austria) anti-Semitic pogroms break out
18. “International Jewish conspiracy” on the “Night of Broken Glass” Jewish shops and synagogues are damaged, destroyed and looted 26,000 Jews are arrested, 91 die further economic and political persecution of Jews would follow it marks the ominous beginning of the Holocaust
19. Treatment of Jews during the 1930s Public mistreatment Burnt synagogues Looted stores
20. Emigration early on the Nazi state offered its Jews a way out: voluntary emigration faced with discriminatory laws and policies, many Jews felt they had no choice but to leave the problem was finding nations that would take the Jewish refugees German Jewish Immigrants reach Montreal in November 1938.
21. this “First Solution” offered by the Nazis met with little success Canada, for instance, accepted very few Jews in 1939, The St. Louis, with 900 Jewish refugees, was turned away. The ship returned to Europe where 3/4 of the refugees died in concentration camps
22. 1939  Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOS Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society these enclosed and fortified areas would become home to the Jews of occupied Europe Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWII ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size (It was liquidated in April 1943)
23. The Ghetto Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size it was liquidated in April 1943 Registration Card Moving in… Warsaw Ghetto
24. Life in the ghettos Ghetto Ration Card disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death ghettos were located both outside of and inside the cities
25. Nazi ghettos were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, eventually becoming transition areas and collection points for deportation to concentration & death camps

26. Oskar Schindler“Whoever saves one life, saves the entire world”

    Oskar Schindler, a vain and greedy German businessman, becomes an unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign having initially moved to Poland to profit from Jewish slave labouravailable from the ghetto, Schindler in time feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews Schindler managed to save about 1,100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp
27. 1943 The Ghettos are emptied…
28. 1940  Stage 3: Concentration Camps camps had existed in Germany since 1933, yet proliferate after 1940 essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual murder of its enemies slave labor is used: “annihilation by work” prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation prisoners transported in freight cars designed for cattle camps built along railroad lines for efficient transportation
29. Heinrich Himmler beginning in 1938, Jews were targeted for internment solely because they were Jews before then, only Jews who fit one of the earlier categories faced internment in the camps the camps were run by the S.S. they used the camps to make money and rented out labour to industrialists like Krupp
30. WHO ? Jews Political adversaries (Communists & Social Democrats) The socially and racially undesirable (homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, the handicapped) Prisoners of war
31. Forced Labour in Quarry Slave Labour in Factories
32. Life in the Camps possessions were confiscated arms tattooed men, women and children were separated
33. prison uniforms were provided heads were shaved
34. Guards Camps random acts of violence were common survival based on trade skills / physical strength the food was terrible and insufficient Birkenau
35. Inside the concentration camps unsanitary, disease- ridden, and lice infested barracks were the norm overcrowding was a major problem and contributed to the spread of diseases (such as typhus)
36. Yellow: Jews {Star of David} Red:Political dissidents Green:Common criminals Purple:Religious fundamentalists Blue:Immigrants Brown:Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) Black:Lesbians and "anti-socials" Pink:Gay men Eichmann
37. Human Experimentation inhumane medical experiments were conducted freezing starvation exposure to chemicals Freezing Experiment- Dachau Josef Mengele “The Angel of Death”
38. 1942  Stage 4: Extermination Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate those “unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged, the ill) to promote Aryan “racial integrity” [perhaps 75,000 died in this way] Einsatzgruppen(mobile killing units) had begun operations aimed at killing entire Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe (1939-1941) special action groups that followed the advancing army to cleanse conquered areas
39. Einsatzgruppen ranks composed largely of highly educated and motivated men many of its leaders represented Nazi intellectual elite round up local Jews, leaving mass graves in their wake
40. Death Camps—Arrival DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder
41. Sorting and classification of new arrivals
42. Death Camps — Selection and Processing in the extermination camps, large detention centres created for the confinement, slave labour, and mass executions of prisoners, the “Final Solution” would take place Jewish children were specifically targeted (kill the next generation)
43. Death Camps—Final Outcome called for the completeandmass annihilation andextermination of the Jews as well as other groups Zyklon B gas became the agent used in the mass extermination
44. Gas Chambers & Crematoriums prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes up to 8,000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with four operating gas chambers Gold fillings from victim’s teeth were melted down to make gold bars prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums
45. Chamber Openings to drop in Gas Canisters (Pellets) Empty Zyklon B Canisters Birkenau Crematorium
46. 1945 1945 Nearing the End By 1945, as Allied troops closed in, the Nazis began destroying the crematoriums and camps between 1944-1945, the Nazis ordered the prisoners to undertake long distance death marches (Todesmarsche) over 300,000 prisoners perished on these marches
47. 1945 in January the Soviet army entered Auschwitz (the largest camp) and liberated the more than 7,000 mostly ill and dying prisoners that remained
48. while rumours of the camps had leaked out, few people realized the full extent of the slaughter taking place
49. Liberation: the Americans and British arrive
50. Dachau April ‘45
51. “Kanada” storeroom housing confiscated property of prisoners: the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canada
52. Holocaust Art
53. 1945-1949 Aftermath: Nuremberg Nuremberg Trials: lasting four years, war crimes trials for Nazi officials began (24 Nazi leaders were tried; 11 death penalties; three life sentences; four 10-20 year sentences) State of Israel created in 1947 due to world sympathy Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in 1951 German government offers pensions by way of compensation to Holocaust survivors (of death camps and later the Ghettos) Himmler
54. Pastor Martin Niemoller spent eight years in the camps (Dachau and Sachsenhausen)
55. Oskar Schindler Heroes who saved Jewish lives... Raoul Wallenberg Swedish diplomat stationed in Hungary. He helped 95,000 Hungarian Jews escape by providing them with fake passports which claimed that the bearers were Swedish subjects. He was later arrested by the USSR as a spy and may have died in a Soviet prison camp. It is not known for certain. He was made an honorary citizen of Canada, the US and Israel.
56. STUDENT NOTES Points to better understand the Holocaust: anti-Semitism had long been present in Europe and Hitler made use of these feelings the first stage of the Holocaust involved Stripping away the Rights of Germany’s Jews the Nuremberg Laws forced Jews to carry IDs and wear arm bands with the “Star of David”, forbade intermarriage, and boycotted Jewish businesses Kristallnacht in 1938 (when a Jew killed a German diplomat) marked a change in attitude toward the Jews (synagogues were burned and Jews arrested): the Holocaust had truly begun the second stage of the Holocaust involved segregating the Jews from the rest of the population and placing them in overcrowded ghettos (the most famous being Warsaw) the third stage of the Holocaust placed the Jews into camps where they would be worked and starved to death (slave labour to support the German military machine) Oskar Schindler for a time exploited this source of labour Jews would be joined here by homosexuals, Communists, the disabled, Gypsies & others the fourth stage of the Holocaust was one of extermination (in areas of recent conquest by the Einsatzgruppen killing units or in the death camps- like Auschwitz) MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND: Nuremberg Laws / Kristallnacht / ghettos / camps Auschwitz / Oskar Schindler / Einsatzgruppen
57. Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil? the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya) In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man Because of the Nazis flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.