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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. The Basics of Capital Budgeting . Topics. Methods NPV IRR, MIRR Payback , discounted payback EAS (EAA). What is capital budgeting?. Analysis of potential projects. Long-term decisions; involve large expenditures . Steps in Capital Budgeting.

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 The Basics of Capital Budgeting

  2. Topics Methods NPV IRR, MIRR Payback, discounted payback EAS (EAA)

  3. What is capital budgeting? Analysis of potential projects. Long-term decisions; involve large expenditures.

  4. Steps in Capital Budgeting Estimate cash flows (inflows & outflows). Determine r = WACC for project. Evaluate

  5. Capital Budgeting Project Categories Replacement to continue profitable operations Replacement to reduce costs Expansion of existing products or markets Expansion into new products/markets Contraction decisions Safety and/or environmental projects Mergers Other

  6. Independent versus Mutually Exclusive Projects Projects are: independent, if the cash flows of one are unaffected by the acceptance of the other. mutually exclusive, if the cash flows of one can be adversely impacted by the acceptance of the other.

  7. Net present value (NPV) rule Accept project if Net present value > 0 What is Net present value? Net present value = Benefits minus Costs

  8. How do we measure benefits & costs? NPV = B – C =

  9. NPV: Sum of the PVs of All Cash Flows N CFt Σ NPV = (1 + r)t t = 0 Cost often is CF0 and is negative. N CFt Σ – CF0 NPV = (1 + r)t t = 1

  10. Cash Flows for Franchises L and S 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 10% 10% L’s CFs: S’s CFs: -100.00 -100.00 70 10 60 50 20 80

  11. What’s Franchise L’s NPV? 0 1 2 3 10% L’s CFs: -100.00 10 60 80 9.09 49.59 60.11 18.79 = NPVL NPVS = $19.98.

  12. Calculator Solution: Enter Values in CF Register for L -100 10 60 80 10 CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3 NPV = 18.78 = NPVL I

  13. Rationale for the NPV Method NPV = PV inflows – Cost This is net gain in wealth, so accept project if NPV > 0. Choose between mutually exclusive projects on basis of higher positive NPV. Adds most value.

  14. Using NPV method, which franchise(s) should be accepted? If Franchises S and L are mutually exclusive, accept S because NPVs > NPVL. If S & L are independent, accept both; NPV > 0. NPV is dependent on cost of capital.

  15. Internal Rate of Return: IRR 0 1 2 3 CF0 CF1 CF2 CF3 Cost Inflows IRR is the discount rate that forces PV inflows = cost. This is the same as forcing NPV = 0.

  16. NPV: Enter r, Solve for NPV N CFt Σ = NPV (1 + r)t t = 0

  17. IRR: Enter NPV = 0, Solve for IRR N CFt Σ = 0 (1 + IRR)t t = 0 IRR is an estimate of the project’s rate of return, so it is comparable to the YTM on a bond.

  18. What’s Franchise L’s IRR? 0 1 2 3 IRR = ? -100.00 10 60 80 PV1 PV2 PV3 Enter CFs, then press IRR: IRRL = 18.13%. IRRS = 23.56%. 0 = NPV

  19. Rationale for the IRR Method If IRR > WACC, then the project’s rate of return is greater than its cost-- some return is left over to boost stockholders’ returns. Example: WACC = 10%, IRR = 15%. So this project adds extra return to shareholders.

  20. Decisions on Franchises S and L per IRR If S and L are independent, accept both: IRRS > r and IRRL > r. If S and L are mutually exclusive, accept S because IRRS > IRRL. IRR is not dependent on the cost of capital used.

  21. NPV ($) IRR > r and NPV > 0 Accept. r > IRR and NPV < 0. Reject. r (%) IRR NPV and IRR: No conflict for independent projects.

  22. Reinvestment Rate Assumptions NPV assumes reinvest at r (opportunity cost of capital). IRR assumes reinvest at IRR. Reinvest at opportunity cost, r, is more realistic, so NPV method is best. NPV should be used to choose between mutually exclusive projects.

  23. Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) MIRR is the discount rate that causes the PV of a project’s terminal value (TV) to equal the PV of costs. TV is found by compounding all inflows at WACC. Thus, MIRR assumes cash inflows are reinvested at WACC.

  24. MIRR for Franchise L: First, Find PV and TV (r = 10%) 0 1 2 3 10% -100.0 10.0 60.0 80.0 10% 66.0 12.1 10% 158.1 -100.0 TV inflows PV outflows

  25. Second, Find Discount Rate that Equates PV and TV 0 1 2 3 MIRR = 16.5% -100.0 158.1 PV outflows TV inflows $158.1 (1+MIRRL)3 $100 = MIRRL = 16.5%

  26. BAII: Step 1, Find PV of Inflows First, enter cash inflows in CF register: CF0 = 0, CF1 = 10, CF2 = 60, CF3 = 80 Second, enter I = 10. Third, find PV of inflows: Press NPV = 118.78

  27. Step 2, Find TV of Inflows Enter PV = -118.78, N = 3, I/YR = 10, PMT = 0. Press FV = 158.10 = FV of inflows.

  28. Step 3, Find PV of Outflows For this problem, there is only one outflow, CF0 = -100, so the PV of outflows is -100. For other problems there may be negative cash flows for several years, and you must find the present value for all negative cash flows.

  29. Step 4, Find “IRR” of TV of Inflows and PV of Outflows Enter FV = 158.10, PV = -100, PMT = 0, N = 3. Press I/YR = 16.50% = MIRR.

  30. Why use MIRR versus IRR? MIRR correctly assumes reinvestment at opportunity cost = WACC. MIRR also avoids the problem of multiple IRRs. Managers like rate of return comparisons, and MIRR is better for this than IRR.

  31. Assume a discount rate of 11%. Compute the NPV, IRR and decide whether the project should be accepted or rejected. Apply NPV, IRR Verify that NPV = 603.58, IRR = 31.79%, Since NPV>0, IRR>11%, accept the project

  32. Conceptual problem: NPV and IRR • Consider a project with an initial outflow at time 0 and positive cash flows in all subsequent years. As the discount rate is decreased the _____________. • IRR remains constant while the NPV increases. • IRR decreases while the NPV remains constant. • IRR increases while the NPV remains constant. • IRR remains constant while the NPV decreases. • IRR decreases while the NPV decreases.

  33. Computational problem: NPV and IRR • You are attempting to reconstruct a project analysis of a co-worker who was fired. You have found the following information: • The IRR is 12%. • The project life is 4 years. • The initial cost is $20,000. • In years 1, 3 and 4 you will receive cash inflows of $6,000. • You know there will be a cash flow in year 2, but the amount is not in the file. • The appropriate discount rate is 10%. • What is the NPV of the project?

  34. Condition 1: Cash inflows occur before cash outflows • Thus far, we have considered projects with normal cash flows, (i.e., a single cash outflow in year 0 followed by cash inflows in all future years). • With normal cash flows, IRR works fine. • However, if you have cash inflow first, followed by cash outflow, then IRR will be negative. • Result: You cannot use IRR to make the accept/reject decision. • Use NPV to get the correct decision.

  35. Condition 2: Cash flows change signs more than once • Consider the following project cash flows: t = 0, -$400, t = 1, $2,500, t = 2, -$3,000. Suppose that the company’s cost of capital is 70 percent. • NPV = $32.53. The project is, acceptable. • There are two IRR’s for this project: 61.98%, 363%. Look at the NPV profile (next slide). • When there are multiple IRRs, the IRR method loses meaning and is NOT appropriate. • However, the NPV method still gives the correct accept/reject decision.

  36. What is the payback period? The number of years required to recover a project’s cost, or how long does it take to get the business’s money back?

  37. Payback for Franchise L 2.4 0 1 2 3 CFt -100 10 60 80 -30 Cumulative -100 -90 0 50 2 + $30/$80 = 2.375 years PaybackL =

  38. Payback for Franchise S 1.6 0 1 2 3 CFt -100 70 50 20 Cumulative -100 20 40 -30 0 1 + $30/$50 = 1.6 years PaybackS =

  39. Compute the payback periods for the following two projects. Applying the PBP criterion Verify that PBP for A = 3 years, PBP for B = 3.4 years(assume cash flows occur evenly throughout the year)

  40. NPV + PBP Problem • Bantam Industries is considering a project which has the following cash flows: Year Cash flow 0 ? 1 $2,000 2 $3,000 3 $3,000 4 $1,500 The project has a payback period of 2 years. The firm's cost of capital is 12%. What is the project's net present value? Verify that NPV = 2,265.91

  41. Strengths and Weaknesses of Payback Strengths: Provides an indication of a project’s risk. Easy to calculate and understand. Weaknesses: Ignores the TVM. Ignores CFs occurring after the payback period.

  42. PBP does not consider cash flows after the critical number A firm uses two years as the critical number for the payback period. This firm is faced with two projects whose cash flows are: According to the payback rule, project A will be accepted and B will be rejected. But, if you consider all cash flows, including those after 2 years, then project B is more attractive.

  43. Discounted Payback: Uses Discounted CFs 0 1 2 3 10% CFt -100 10 60 80 60.11 PVCFt -100 9.09 49.59 -41.32 Cumulative -100 -90.91 18.79 Discounted payback 2 + $41.32/$60.11 = 2.7 yrs = Recover investment + capital costs in 2.7 yrs.

  44. Example: Suppose that the discount rate is 10 percent. Project A has the following cash flows and discounted cash flows. Find A’s discounted PBP. Example of discounted payback period criterion Verify that discounted payback period = 2.194 years

  45. Normal vs. Nonnormal Cash Flows Normal Cash Flow Project: Cost (negative CF) followed by a series of positive cash inflows. One change of signs. Nonnormal Cash Flow Project: Two or more changes of signs. Most common: Cost (negative CF), then string of positive CFs, then cost to close project. For example, nuclear power plant or strip mine.

  46. When There are Nonnormal CFs and More than One IRR, Use MIRR 0 1 2 -800,000 5,000,000 -5,000,000 PV outflows @ 10% = -4,932,231.40. TV inflows @ 10% = 5,500,000.00. MIRR = 5.6%

  47. If the two projects have different lifespan, then…

  48. S and L are Mutually Exclusive, r = 10% 0 1 2 3 4 60 33.5 33.5 33.5 60 33.5 S: -100 L: -100 Note: CFs shown in $ Thousands

  49. NPVL > NPVS, but is L better?

  50. Method 1:mPut Projects on Common Basis Note that Franchise S could be repeated after 2 years to generate additional profits. Use replacement chain to put on common life.

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