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Chapter 6 – The Muscular System

Chapter 6 – The Muscular System. Muscle Vocabulary. Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads Brachium = Arm Example: Brachialis Communis = Common Example: Extensor Digitalis Communis. Muscle Vocabulary, cont’d.

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Chapter 6 – The Muscular System

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  1. Chapter 6 – The Muscular System

  2. Muscle Vocabulary • Bi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps = Heads • Biceps = 2 Heads • Triceps = 3 Heads • Quadriceps = 4 Heads • Brachium = Arm • Example: Brachialis • Communis = Common • Example: Extensor Digitalis Communis

  3. Muscle Vocabulary, cont’d • Deltoid = Triangle • Example: Deltoideus • Digastric= Two Bellies • Extrensic= From the Outside • Fascia = Band or Girdle • Example: Superficial Fascia; Deep Fascia • Femoris= Thigh or Femur • Example: Biceps Femoris

  4. Muscle Vocabulary, cont’d • Glossus= Tongue • Gluteus = Pertaining to the Buttocks • Example: Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medias, Gluteus Minimus • Dorsi= On or of the Back • Example: LatissimusDorsi • Intrinsic = Within or Inside • Gracilis = Slender • Infra = Below or Inferior

  5. Muscle Vocabulary, cont’d • Latissimus= Widest • Example: LatissimusDorsi • Longissimus= Longest • Masseter= Chewer • Maximus = Largest • Minimus = Smallest • Myology= Study of Muscles • Oblique = Slanted • Orbicularis = An Orb or Circle

  6. Muscle Vocabulary, cont’d • Pectoralis= Breasts and Chest • Quadratus= Four Sides or Square • Example: Quadrilaterals • Rectus = Straight • Semi = Prefix denoting Half • Example: Semipermeable Membrane • Supra = Above or upon • Example: Supraspinatus

  7. I. Overview of muscle Tissues ~ Muscles make up approximately 40% of Body Mass~ • Characteristics of Muscles • Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) • Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments (myofibril) • All muscles share some terminology • Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle” • Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”

  8. I. Overview of muscle Tissues…cont’d • Muscle Types (Know anatomy of skeletal muscle #1 – diagram and terms)

  9. Sarcolemma – Cell Membrane Sarcoplasm – Cell Cytoplasm Tendon Belly Bundle Fiber (Cell) Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

  10. I. Overview of muscle Tissues…cont’d • Muscle Functions • Produces movement • Maintains posture • Stabilizes joints • Generates heat

  11. II. Providing Energy for Muscle Contractions ~ ATP – Source of energy for contractions~ • Muscle Fatigue – unable to contract while being stimulated. Due to: • Oxygen Debt • Depends on blood supply • Lactic Acid builds up (sore & tired muscles) • Oxygen debt payback  rapid, deep breathing • Low supply of ATP

  12. II. Providing Energy for Muscle Contractions, cont’d • Types of Contractions • Isotonic – muscle shortens & movement occurs • ex: bending knee, rotating arm, smiling • Isometric – tension increases; muscle does not shorten • ex: pushing against a wall

  13. II. Providing Energy for Muscle Contractions, cont’d • Muscle Tone • Sustained partial contraction • Due to nerve supply • Keeps muscle healthy & ready to react • Paralysis – no stimulation; muscle becomes flaccid & atrophy

  14. Effects of Exercise on Muscle • “Use it or Lose it” • Aerobic (endurance) Exercise • Does little to increase mass • Stronger, Flexible, Less fatigue • Benefits: skeletal muscle, metabolism, digestion (elimination), neuromuscular coordination, skeleton, blood vessels, lungs • Ex: jogging, biking, aerobics II. Providing Energy for Muscle Contractions, cont’d

  15. Effects of Exercise on Muscle, Cont’d… • Resistance exercise – isometric • Muscles contract with force • Enlarges muscle cells • Ex: Weightlifting II. Providing Energy for Muscle Contractions, cont’d

  16. The 5 Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity: (Table 6.2) • All muscles cross at least one joint. • Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed. • All muscles have at least two attachments: the origin and th insertion. • Muscles can only pull; they never push. • During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.

  17. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names • Types of Body Movements • Origin: attached to the immovable or less movable bone • Insertion: attached to movable bone

  18. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Flexion – Decreases the angle of the joint • Extension – increases the angle • Abduction – moving away from midline • Adduction – moving toward midline

  19. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Rotation – movement around longitudinal axis • Circumduction – circular motion • Depression – movement downward • Pronation – face down

  20. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Supination – face up • Depression – movement downward • Elevation – movement upward • Retraction – movement posteriorly

  21. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Inversion – sole faces medially • Eversion– sole faces laterally • Dorsiflection – heel down, sole up; “flex” • Plantar Flexion – toe down, heel up; “point”

  22. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Types of Muscles • Prime Mover: muscle with major responsibility for a particular motion • Antagonists: muscle that acts in opposition to prime mover • Ex: Elbow flexion • Biceps – Prime Mover • Triceps - Antagonist

  23. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’dB. Types of Muscles, Cont’d • Synergist: muscles cooperating with another to produce a movement; stabilize joints • Ex: Finger flexors; make fist without bending wrist • Fixators: stabilize the origin of a prime mover • Ex: Muscles that anchor scapula to thorax

  24. III. Muscle Movements, Types & Names, Cont’d • Naming Skeletal Muscles • Direction of muscle fiber • Relative size of the muscle • Location of the muscle • Number of origins • Location of origin & insertion • Shape of Muscle • Action of the muscle

  25. IV. Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System • Muscle develops early in embryo – 16th week • Congenital disease – muscular dystrophy • Muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy • Ex: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Most common and serious • Males 2-6; wheelchair 12; death – young adult

  26. IV. Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System • Muscle Control • Reflex – at birth (nervous system must mature) • Develops – cephalic to caudal and proximal to distal • Skeletal muscles – rich in blood supply; resist infection • Aging – muscle tissue decreases • Decreased body weight • Decreased strength

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