Chapter 1 تقديم يقول الله سبحانه وتعالى في سورة المؤمنون الآية 12 - 14

3. Chapter 1 • تقديم • يقول الله سبحانه وتعالى في سورة المؤمنون الآية 12 - 14 • }وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنْسانَ مِنْ سُلالَةٍ مِنْ طِينٍ (12) ثُمَّ جَعَلْناهُ نُطْفَةً فِي قَرارٍ مَكِينٍ (13) ثُمَّ خَلَقْنَا النُّطْفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْعَلَقَةَ مُضْغَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْمُضْغَةَ عِظامًا فَكَسَوْنَا الْعِظامَ لَحْمًا ثُمَّ أَنْشَأْناهُ خَلْقًا آخَرَ فَتَبارَكَ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنُ الْخالِقِينَ (14) ثُمَّ إِنَّكُمْ بَعْدَ ذلِكَ لَمَيِّتُونَ (15) ثُمَّ إِنَّكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيامَةِ تُبْعَثُونَ (16){. • ويقول أيضاً في سورة غافر(آية 67: " • }هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُم مِّن تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ مِن نُّطْفَةٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ عَلَقَةٍ ثُمَّ يُخْرِجُكُمْ طِفْلًا ثُمَّ لِتَبْلُغُوا أَشُدَّكُمْ ثُمَّ لِتَكُونُوا شُيُوخًا ۚ وَمِنكُم مَّن يُتَوَفَّىٰ مِن قَبْلُ ۖ وَلِتَبْلُغُوا أَجَلًا مُّسَمًّى وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (67{

4. لقد وضح القرآن الكريم بشكل صريح مراحل خلق الإنسان ومراحل النمو والتطور التي يمر بها في رحلته العمرية من مهده إلى لحده. وإن ظاهرة النمو والتطور في السلوك الإنساني وهذه ليست بعيدة عن الملاحظة العادية، فالصغير والكبير ورجل الشارع والمتخصص والأم والأب وغيرهم يدركون جميعاً ومن قديم الأزل أن الإنسان لا يتغير فقط في حجمه ووزنه وطوله وعرضه منذ أن يولد على الأرض؛ بل ينمو ويتطور أيضاً في فهمه وإدراكه وقدرته على التكيف والتوافق، وما يمكن أن يقوم به من أعباء ومسؤوليات ومهارات وغير ذلك. وليس هذا بغريب على الطبيعة الإنسانية؛ فالإنسان يمتاز عن بقية المملكة الحيوانية بصفات أساسية تجعل من نمو سلوكه وتطوره خاصية لازمة لذلك السلوك؛ فهو يمتاز بأنه ناطق وبأنه اجتماعي وفي هذا ما يشكل الأساس الذي يجعل من سلوكه ظاهرة نامية متطورة

5. والواقع أن ظاهرة النمو في السلوك الإنساني إلى جانب أنها ظاهرة عامة، فإنها ظاهرة معقدة أشد التعقيد؛ ذلك أن لها جوانب متعددة متداخلة من الصعب فصلها، ليس فقط عن بعضها البعض، بل أيضاً عن العوامل المختلفة المسئولة عنها. • ومن هذا المنطلق تم التركيز في هذا المساق على دراسة مراحل النمو والتطور الإنساني منذ لحظة الإخصاب، مع التركيز على العوامل التي تؤثر في ذلك وتوضيح واجبات النمو لكل مرحلة من المراحل التي يمر بها الإنسان.

6. General aspects • Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The genetical material of the sperm and egg that combine to form a single cell, called a zygote, and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo, up until implantation. The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation. • The zygote contains a full complement of genetic material and develops into the embryo. Briefly, embryonic developments have four stages:

7. The morula stage • The bastula stage • The gastrula stage, and • The neurula stage. • Prior to implantation, the embryo remains in a protein shell, the zona pellucida, and undergoes a series of cell divisions, called mitosis. • A week after fertilization the embryo still has not grown in size, but hatches from the zona pellucida and adheres to the lining of the mother's uterus. This induces a decidual reaction, wherein the uterine cells proliferate and surround the embryo thus causing it to become embedded within the uterine tissue.

8. The embryo, meanwhile, proliferates and develops both into embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue, the latter forming the fetal membranes and the placenta. In humans, the embryo is referred to as a fetus in the later stages of prenatal development. • The transition from embryo to fetus is arbitrarily defined as occurring 8 weeks after fertilization. • In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a set of progressively developing internal organs.

9. Introduction • Children develop as they interact with their surroundings. They learn skills at different ages, but the order in which they learn them is universal. Development is affected by factors such as nutrition and cultural practices, as well as the social situation in the country or neighborhood. In this course, you will learn general principles of growth and development and will explore several theories related to childhood development. Each age group, from infancy through adolescence, is described in detail. Developmental milestones, physical and cognitive characteristics, psychosocial concerns, and communication strategies are presented. This basic information will help you provide developmentally appropriate care for children in each age group. You can apply these concepts to all children, including special situations .

10. Concepts of Human Growth and Development • The term growth and development or both are independent , interrelated and dynamic process (e.g. an infant muscles, bones and nervous system must grow to a certain point before, the infant sit up or walk). • Growth is a dominant biological activity during the first two decades or so of human life, including, of course nine months of prenatal life. While growing the individual also matures.

11. Human development is a continuous process that begins when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm. Cell division, growth, differentiation, and even cell death, transform the fertilized ovum into a multicellular human being. Although important maturational changes continue to occur during the postnatal period (infancy, childhood, adolescence and even adulthood), the formation of the organ systems occurs between fertilization and birth, in the prenatal period.

12. Definitions • Growth • Growth refers to " physical increase in some quantity over time. It includes changes in terms of height, weight, body proportions and general physical appearance". • Characteristics • It is simply a quantitative change in the child’s body. • It is indicative ( can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches). • It is quantitative progress • It is physical change • It is external in nature • Stops at certain stage • It is physical progress

13. Development • Development refers to " the qualitative changes in the organism as whole. Development is a continuous process through which physical, emotional and intellectual changes occur." • Characteristics • It is a qualitative change in the child’s functioning. • It can be measured through observation (e.g.: the person develop their ability to walk , talk, to run …….) • It is not indicative • It is psychological change • It is internal in nature • It is continuous process • It is cognitive progress

14. Maturation • " The completion of growth and development within the organism" • Is the physical, intellectual, or emotional process of development. • The level of maturation depends on child’s heredity. • It's timing can be influenced by environmental factors. It is often not quantifiable • It is controlled by internal biological factors. • Occurs naturally without any conscious effort on the part of the individual. • Provides us with the basic ability to do something which then makes way for learning to occur. • Example : • A child’s learning to walk may be attributed to maturation because the child learns to walk when reaching a particular stage in development

15. Important of study of human growth and development • Public health screening • Assessment of growth and development is the most powerful tool for early identification of children who may not look obviously sick but who never less has suboptimal health and nutrition or is suffering from latent illness. • Remedial measures undertake at this point of time are much more useful for prevention of diseases and promotion of their health. • Indicator of general health and nutrition of the community • Pooled data of growth and development of children in the community is an indirect indicator of health and nutrition status of the entire community, when it is compared with similar data collected simultaneously from other population subgroup. • Evaluation of social action • Effectiveness of medical or social measure for promotion health of the community can be evaluated by comparing the growth data before and after the remedial action is taken.

16. Clinical aspects or practice • Development history helps in determining retrospectively the time of onset of many diseases which are likely to affect the process of growth. • Response to treatment in a sick child may be documented by observing its effect on the subsequent growth experiences of child. • Dimensions of human growth and development • Physical development • Refers to increase in the size and number of cells as an increase in the weigh, height and head and chest circumferences.

17. Physiological development • Refers to maturation of organs as maturation of CNS. • Motor development: • Refers to maturation of motor functioning as the ability of infants to sitting, walking and writing. • Sensory development: • Refers to maturation of five major senses i.e. vision, hearing, sensation and taste. • Intellectual development: • Refers to maturation of brain size and functioning as coordination, speech, memory and intelligence. • Linguistic ( speech ) development: • Refers to the ability of speaking word and sentences. • Emotional development: • Refers to development of emotional senses as love. Hate and fear. • Social development: • Refers to maturation of parental communication as infant-maternal bonding and the communication in the community. • Sexual development: • It's referring to sexual maturation either in physiological aspect as maturation of gonads or emotional aspect.

18. Factors influencing development: • Human development is the process in which the changes occur in all the aspects of an organism from conception to death. It is a natural process for each and every child to grow. But it is observed that all children do not grow in the similar fashion. Some children's physical growth occur earlier than others, some are physically stronger than others, some are taller than others and so on. So far as mental development is concerned, some children have better cognitive ability, memory, reasoning, thinking ability etc. than others. All children also do not have same type of intelligence. Some have more musical talents, others have more intrapersonal intelligence, others also have more linguistic abilities etc. So, children differ from each other because several factors influence on their development.

19. factors have been enumerated below: • Genetic • Certain hereditary factors influences on the body formation. Tall parents have tall offspring.  • Genetic and chromosomal disorder also effect on growth and development of a baby. • Nutritional • Nutritional deficiency considerably retards physical growth. • Malnourished mother produce babies with IUGR. Over nutrition may cause obesity. • So to control the nutritional requirements of mother is necessary to have a health child. • Socio Economic Condition: • Poor socio-economic condition affects growth and development.  • Sanitary conditions, various parasitic morbidity, poor housing, stressful family condition, bad financial situation etc. have a serious effect on child's growth and development. • Children’s coming from adequate finances are more likely to grow and develop to optimal levels. • Environmental and seasonal • Physical, psychological, social, cultural factors and harvest seasons have a positive effect over growth and development. • Urbanization has a positive effect on growth.  • Geographical environment has a beneficial effect on Child Growth and Development.

20. Chronic diseases: • Chronic untreated diseases of heart, lungs, liver etc. impair growth and development seriously.  • Emotional and cultural • Trauma from unstable family, insecurity, sibling jealousy and loss of parents has effect on growth and development. • Activities • Activities are essential for normal growth and development. • Bedridden child would not grow as an active one. • Endocrine factors: • Result in normal variations among individuals. • Intrauterine • IUGR (Intra Uterine Growth Restriction )and maternal infections and diseases affect on growth and development.

21. Maternal diabetes may result in more than normal weight baby. • Injuries and illnesses: • Occurring during birth or later , can affect growth and development through the damage they cause to vital organs. • Growth potentials • The smaller the child at birth, the smaller he is likely to be in subsequent years. The larger the child at birth, the larger he is likely to be in later years.