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The Cellular World

The Cellular World. Eukaryotic Cells. Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells. Prokaryotic Cells. Includes: bacterial cells. Biological Macromolecules. Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together

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The Cellular World

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  1. The Cellular World

  2. Eukaryotic Cells Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells

  3. Prokaryotic Cells Includes: bacterial cells

  4. Biological Macromolecules • Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together • The smaller molecules are called monomer • The larger molecules are called polymers • Four biologically important macromolecules(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0)

  5. Macromolecules Monomer – smaller molecule Polymer – larger molecule formed by joining together smaller molecules

  6. Macromolecules Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers Macromolecule or Polymer

  7. Macromolecules Amino Acids (Monomers) Proteins (Polymer)

  8. Macromolecules Nucleotides (Monomers) Nucleic Acid (Polymer)

  9. Biological Macromolecules

  10. Eukaryotic Cells Structures http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/

  11. The Cell is a Factory for Making PROTEINS!!

  12. Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation

  13. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.html • http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly

  14. Proteins • Proteins are made by joining • AMINO ACIDS • Each protein contains a combination of the 20 amino acids • The function of the protein is determined by number and sequence of amino acids • (A polypeptide is a protein!) Protein 1 Protein 2

  15. Proteins

  16. Amino Acids

  17. Protein Structure

  18. Function of Proteins • Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes • Examples: actin, myosin, keratin • Plasma/Blood proteins • Examples: coagulation factors, hemoglobin • Cell receptors/cell signals/membrane channels • Hormones and Growth Factors • Immune system (antibodies) • ENZYMES!! (catalysts) • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://vimeo.com/22054910

  19. Enzymes • Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

  20. Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly

  21. Eukaryotic Nucleus

  22. Cellular Molecules

  23. Small Organic Molecules Glucose Nucleotides

  24. Proteins • Long polymers made up of many monomers (amino acids) • 20 different amino acids can combine in different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins • Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains

  25. For example:

  26. DNA Structure

  27. DNA Structure • Nucleotides join together to form long strands • DNA consists of two strands • Strands twist around each other to form a double helix • Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond • Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another • Nucleotide sequence can vary Phosphodiester bonds

  28. Polarity of DNA • Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’ • Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end • The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide • The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group of the nucleotide • A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’

  29. DNA Structure • DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair • Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands • Adenine only base pairs with thymine • Guanine only base pairs with cytosine • Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite • Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form hydrogen bonds

  30. DNA Animations • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html# • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html

  31. Chapter 2 • Kingdoms of living things • Cell types (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) • Cell structures and functions • Cellular molecules • Small organic molecules • Macromolecules • monomers and polymers • proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides • Proteins • Amino acid structure • Enzymes • Nucleic acids • DNA & RNA (3 types & differences) • Structure of DNA • purines/pyrimidines • nucleotide structure • directionality of strands • double helix • complementary base pairing • antiparallel strands Test Review Chapter 1 • Define biotechnology • Types of Biotech • Agricultural • Industrial • Medical • Environmental • Forensic • Ethics

  32. Images taken from: • http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view&current=bacecoli.png&newest=1 • http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm • http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html • http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php • http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm • http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/ • http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm • http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/ • http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm • http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm • http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html • https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46 • http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm • http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html • http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/ • http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php • http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid • http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm • http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html

  33. The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized Chapter 2

  34. Taxonomy of Living Things Next

  35. Monera Table

  36. Protists Table

  37. Fungi Table

  38. Plants Table

  39. Animals Table

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