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The Cellular World. Eukaryotic Cells. Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells. Prokaryotic Cells. Includes: bacterial cells. Biological Macromolecules. Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together
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Eukaryotic Cells Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells
Prokaryotic Cells Includes: bacterial cells
Biological Macromolecules • Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together • The smaller molecules are called monomer • The larger molecules are called polymers • Four biologically important macromolecules(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0)
Macromolecules Monomer – smaller molecule Polymer – larger molecule formed by joining together smaller molecules
Macromolecules Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers Macromolecule or Polymer
Macromolecules Amino Acids (Monomers) Proteins (Polymer)
Macromolecules Nucleotides (Monomers) Nucleic Acid (Polymer)
Eukaryotic Cells Structures http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/
Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/tour_protein.html • http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly
Proteins • Proteins are made by joining • AMINO ACIDS • Each protein contains a combination of the 20 amino acids • The function of the protein is determined by number and sequence of amino acids • (A polypeptide is a protein!) Protein 1 Protein 2
Protein Structure
Function of Proteins • Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes • Examples: actin, myosin, keratin • Plasma/Blood proteins • Examples: coagulation factors, hemoglobin • Cell receptors/cell signals/membrane channels • Hormones and Growth Factors • Immune system (antibodies) • ENZYMES!! (catalysts) • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://vimeo.com/22054910
Enzymes • Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation http://www.dnatube.com/video/3059/DNA-Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly
Small Organic Molecules Glucose Nucleotides
Proteins • Long polymers made up of many monomers (amino acids) • 20 different amino acids can combine in different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins • Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains
DNA Structure • Nucleotides join together to form long strands • DNA consists of two strands • Strands twist around each other to form a double helix • Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond • Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another • Nucleotide sequence can vary Phosphodiester bonds
Polarity of DNA • Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’ • Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end • The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide • The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group of the nucleotide • A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’
DNA Structure • DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair • Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands • Adenine only base pairs with thymine • Guanine only base pairs with cytosine • Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite • Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form hydrogen bonds
DNA Animations • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html# • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/ • http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html
Chapter 2 • Kingdoms of living things • Cell types (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) • Cell structures and functions • Cellular molecules • Small organic molecules • Macromolecules • monomers and polymers • proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides • Proteins • Amino acid structure • Enzymes • Nucleic acids • DNA & RNA (3 types & differences) • Structure of DNA • purines/pyrimidines • nucleotide structure • directionality of strands • double helix • complementary base pairing • antiparallel strands Test Review Chapter 1 • Define biotechnology • Types of Biotech • Agricultural • Industrial • Medical • Environmental • Forensic • Ethics
Images taken from: • http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view¤t=bacecoli.png&newest=1 • http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm • http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html • http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php • http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm • http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/ • http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm • http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/ • http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm • http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm • http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html • https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46 • http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm • http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html • http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/ • http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php • http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid • http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm • http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html
The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized Chapter 2
Monera Table
Protists Table
Fungi Table
Plants Table
Animals Table