Viruses

1. CHAPTER 18 Viruses Page 328

2. 1- Viruses are much smaller than bacteria 2- Virus is about 20nm in diameter 3- Viruses are not cells 4- A virus is a genomeحامض نووى enclosed in a protective coat غطاء واقى Fig. 18.1, Page 329

3. Genome (DNA/RNA) Protein coat (capsid) Virus is a genome enclosed in a protective coat Fig. 18.2a & b, Page 330

4. Capsomeres (proteins) Capsid Membranous envelop (viral envelope) Viral Capsid and Envelope A- Capsidالجدار الفيروسى • A protein shell that encloses the viral genome. • It is rode-shaped, helical, polyhedral or more complex. • Capsomeres: Are the protein units that form capsid. Sometimes further rappedيُغَلَّفin a membranous envelope (Viral envelopeالغلاف الفيروسى ), eg. Influenza virus. Page 329, 330

5. B- Envelopالغطاء الفيروسى • Some viruses have viral envelopes, membranes cloaking their capsids. • These envelopes are derived from the membrane of the host cell. Fig. 18.2c, Page 330

6. Viral Genome:(Hereditary materialالمادة الوراثية) • Viral genomes may consist of: • - double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), • - single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), • - double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), • - single-stranded RNA (ssRNA). • depending on the specific type of virus. • The viral genome is usually organized as a single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid. • The smallest viruses have only fourgenes, while the largest have severalhundred. Fig. 18.1, Page 328

7. Key CharactersViruses - DNA enclosed in a protein coat (sometimes, membranous envelop also) - Can be crystallised يتبلور - Each type of virus infects a limited range of host cells (host range مدى الإصابة) - They lack يفتقد enzymes for metabolism - Have no ribosomes for making their own proteins - Reproduced only within a living host cell (obligate parasitismتطفل إجبارى). Most viruses of eukaryotes attack specific tissues. eg. Human cold viruses infect only the cells lining the upper respiratory tract, and AIDS virus binds only to certain white blood cells (Immune system).

8. Living Cell Virus-Reproduction within a living host cell obligate parasitism تطفل إجبارى 1-Inters the cell and releases its genome 2- Replicates using host nucleotides and enzymes Viral RNA 3- Produce a new capsid units using host cell resources. 4- The new viral DNA and proteins assemble to form new viruses Capsid Proteins Page 331 (Fig. 18.3)

9. A viral infection begins when the genome of the virus enters the host cell. • Once inside, the viral genome commandeers its host, reprogramming the cell to copy viral nucleic acid and manufacture proteins from the viral genome. • The nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres then self-assemble into viral particles and exit the cell. Fig. 18.3, Page 331

10. Viruses with an outer envelope use the envelope to enter the host cell. • Glycoproteins on the envelope bind to specific receptors on the host’s membrane. • The envelope fuses with the host’s membrane, transporting the capsid and viral genome inside. • The viral genome duplicates and directs the host’s protein synthesis machinery to synthesize capsomeres with free ribosomes and glycoproteins with bound ribosomes. • After the capsid and viral genome self-assemble, they bud from the host cell covered with an envelope derived from the host’s plasma membrane, including viral glycoproteins. • These enveloped viruses do not necessarily kill the host cell. Fig. 18.6, Page 334

11. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) is a retrovirus. The viral particle includes: • an envelope with glyco-proteins, • a capsid containingtwo identical RNA strandsas its genome • Two copies of reversetranscriptase. Fig. 18.7a, Page 336

12. Bacteria infecting Viruses • Viruses that infect bacteria, are called bacteriophages or phages. • It has a 20-sided capsid-head that encloses their DNA and protein tail piece that attaches the phage to the host and injects the phage DNA inside. • Phages reproduce by Lytic Cycle (تحـللية مميتــــةدورة) and/or Lysogenic cycle (تحـلليةدورة غير) . Fig. 18.2d Page 330

13. Bacteriophages (on E. coli) Phages reproductive cycles within bacteria: Bacteria Virus • 1)- lytic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة), • The phage reproductive cycle results in the death of the host. • In the last stage, the bacterium lyses (breaks open) and releases the phages produced within the cell to infect others. • Virulent phagesفيروسات قاتلة reproduce only by a lytic cycle.

14. Phage T4 (virulent viruses) فيروس مميت Fig. 18.4, Page 332

15. Temperate virus فـيــروس غير مميت 2)- lysogenic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة غير) Phage lambda (ג) The phage genome replicates without destroying the host cell. • Temperate phages, like phage lambda (ג), may use both lytic and lysogenic cycles. • Within the host, the virus’ circular DNA engages in either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. • During a lytic cycle, the viral gene immediately turn the host cell into a virus-producing factory, and the cell soon lyses and releases its viral products.

16. 2)- Lysogenic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة غير) Unit 3 Fig. 18.5, Page 333

17. Phage T4 Phage lambda (ג) Only 1 tail fibre Many tail fibre (virulent viruses) Temperate virus فيروس مميت فيروس غير مميت أحيانا lytic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة) Lysogenic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة غير) & lytic cycle (التحـلليةالدورة)