The Systems Challenge: Complexity, Interaction, and Management

1. ECE362– Principles of Design The System Engineering Process Systems

2. Unit Overview • The systems challenge • System concepts and terms • Diagrams for systems • Actors, boundaries, interfaces

3. >>The Systems Challenge<< The Man-Made World Is Increasingly Populated by Systems • Transportation, Energy & Power Systems • Manufacturing, Construction Systems • Telecommunication Networks • Man-Made Biological, Health, and Personal Care Systems • Facility, Properties • Business Processes • Other Man-Made and Natural Systems

4. >>The Systems Challenge<< These Systems Are Becoming More Complex • Under pressure of demand & competition • Enabled by progress in technology • Becoming more complex at exponentially growing rates

5. >>The Systems Challenge<< The Growth Of Systems Complexity Eventually Can Outpace Human Ability To: • Describe • Predict • Manage • Monitor • Configure • Evolve • Understand • Install • Operate • Repair • Maintain • Account For • Communicate About • Design and Implement • Manufacture • Diagnose • Control • Maintain Security Of Those Systems must be produced . . .

6. >>The Systems Challenge<< . . . At Least Within Reasonable: • Time • Cost • Effort • Sense of Security from Risk

7. Systematica Metaclass The system perspective • A System is a collection of interacting Components : System Interaction Relationships Components

8. What does “interact” mean? • Components are said to interact if one one component can impact the state of another. • Components that do not impact each others’ states are said to be isolated or non-interacting. Interacting Interactions Impact Component States System Non-interacting Components

9. What does “state” mean? • The state of a component helps determine its externally visible future interactive behavior. • States are values of component state variables, such as: • Temperature, Pressure, Density • Position, Velocity, Acceleration • Happiness, Frustration, Satisfaction • Profitability • Voltage, Current • Asleep, Awake • Empty, Full Components and systems have states. System Components

10. Systems may use any technology • Mechanical • Electronic • Software • Chemical • Thermodynamic • Human organizations • Biological

11. Example system • System: Semi-trailer truck hauling freight • Components: engine, power train, suspension, lubrication system, fuel system, braking system, electrical system, cab, trailer, navigation system, communication system, software modules • Interactions: mechanical support, electrical power dependency, control interaction, mechanical drive, thermal interaction

12. Example system • System: Telecommunication services system • Components: telephones, modems, workstations, transmission links, circuits, switches, base stations, communication sessions, software, customer requests, billing systems, customer analysts • Interactions: electrical & optical physical interactions, symbolic trunk status signaling, mechanical mounting support, power dependency, fault propagation

13. System Subsystem Subsystems • A Component can itself be a System • This just means the Component has Components. • This makes it a Subsystem of the first system. • This can continue indefinitely. • Where does it stop?

14. System Subsystem Where does it stop? • It does not stop — we do! • These are modeling constructs—ideas in our heads. • We are using the System Perspective: • How we have chosen to think about a system.

15. Is everything a system? • Is a rock a system? • Does it have parts? Interactions? • If you are a geologist, a rock is a system: • Strata, crystals, chemical interactions, pressures • But, if you are using the rock in your slingshot, this is not useful to know! • Different people need different models for different purposes • Views of models

16. What to model? • In model based systems engineering, it is not enough for a model to be correct: • We also have to ask if a model is useful to us. • We only need to model what is useful, to sort out requirements, plan designs, communicate specifications, verify behavior, etc. • There is a tendency of new modelers to model too much, to include too much detail …. so watch out!

17. System Interaction Relationships Components The System Perspective • Some definitions of the concept of system include not only: • that there are components, • and that there is a framework of interaction relationships, • but also these additions: • that a system exists for a purpose and has a body of rules about it.

18. System Interaction Relationships Components The System Perspective • Systematica formally models intelligence and the actual management of systems, including both man-made and natural systems: • So, we consider ideas such as “purpose” and “rules” to be part of other (extended) systems that we will model later in this workshop, including use of other Metaclasses. • Thus, we only need to remember that a system is a collection of components and their interaction relationships:

19. System diagrams • Formal diagram notation: • UML subset--UML class/object diagrams • Frequently used system diagrams: • System environment diagram • System domain diagram • System logical architecture diagram • System physical architecture diagram (physical deployment diagram)

20. System diagrams • System environment diagram: To illustrate the systems (called “actors”) outside a “subject system”, with which it interacts. • System domain diagram: To illustrate the important relationships between the actors for a subject system (domain knowledge).

21. Environment System Actors, boundaries, interfaces • Actors: The systems external to a subject system, with which it directly interacts. • System Boundaries: The set of all actors for a subject system constitutes its formal boundary. This is often informally illustrated with a line boundary dividing the system from its environment:

22. Interfaces Environment System Actors, boundaries, interfaces • System Interfaces: We will formally define interfaces in a later unit, but show their graphical appearance for now.

23. State B causal event 2 causal event 1 State C State A causal event 3 States • A State is a system condition, situation, or mode, that has existence for a length of time. The state of a system determines in part its future behavior. • The time history of states of systems can be described using “trajectories” of states: • finite state machines, or • continuous paths in phase space. State transition diagrams, or (UML) state charts, can be used to graphically describe finite state machines.

24. States • State transitions are graphically illustrated links indicating the passage of a system from one state to another. • Events are occurrences in time. • Events can be modeled as the cause of state transitions, by labeling state transition lines with event names. Event Name State B State Transition causal event 2 causal event 1 State State C State A causal event 3

25. Lawn mower example

26. Organizing functions with states • Functions can be associated with states. • This is a way to indicate what functional interactions are required to occur during certain situations (that is, “when” they should occur in time) • This is a way to connect the (software engineering) “use case method” to state and function modeling techniques

27. Lawnmower example Starting Mowing Shutting Down Functions: 1.Cut grass (to operator determined length) 2. Noise control (conform to ASPE 102.3 noise guidelines) 4.Emission control (conform to EPA 11.2 emission guidelines) Functions: 1. Start (w/i 10 seconds of turning key) 2.Check Starting Interlocks (blades must be disengaged) 3. Noise control (conform to ASPE 102.3 noise guidelines) 4.Emission control (conform to EPA 11.2 emission guidelines) Functions: 1. Disengage blades 2. Shut down engine

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