Human Trafficking – a Health Perspective

1. Human Trafficking – a Health Perspective Sue Gwyer - CSWP COMBAT Engagement Specialist www.combattrafficking.eu

2. UK Government Strategy on Human Trafficking [July 2011 p.29] • The Department of Health (DH) will work with the UKHTC and others, to improve the response from health services to victims of trafficking • This will include equipping more health services and professionals with the training and skills to become first responders • DH is working with the Women’s Health and Equality Consortium on the trafficking and health project to agree specific actions to promote greater awareness of human trafficking and provide health professionals with guidance on how to respond to victims appropriately • The DH has also recognised the need for better understanding of the issues around health and trafficking and has therefore invited bids for a piece of research in this area which is due to commence in 2011

3. Human Trafficking - the context… “Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having the control of another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.” Protocol to the 2000 UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime – ‘Palermo Protocol’

4. Trafficking VS Smuggling • The two most common terms used for the illegal movement of people have very different meanings • In human smuggling immigrants and asylum seekers pay people to help them enter a country illegally, after which there is no longer a relationship • Trafficked victims are coerced or deceived by the person arranging their relocation and forced into exploitation by their trafficker or person into whose control they are delivered or sold

5. UK Legislation and Guidance The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002: Made the trafficking of people for prostitution illegal The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002: Enabled the criminal assets of traffickers to be confiscated The Sexual Offences Act 2003: Introduced legislation making all forms of sexual exploitation illegal – including trafficking into, out of and within the UK [s.53a amended by s.14 of the Policing & Crime Act 2009] The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants) Act 2004: Extended definitions of illegal offences of human trafficking, including forced labour and human organ transplants The Gangmasters Licensing Act 2004: Established the Gangmasters Licensing Authority and deals with forced labour The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2006: Brought in civil penalties and criminal sentencing for employers who employ illegal immigrants The Coroners and Justice Act 2009: Made it a criminal offence for individuals to force others into labour, particularly highlighting aspects of slavery and servitude Safeguarding Children who may have been Trafficked 2011: Addendum to Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006

6. The Problem… UNGIFT {United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Trafficking} estimates that there are 2.5 million people in forced labour (including sexual exploitation) at any given time worldwide as a result of trafficking 18.8% of this number are estimated to be in industrialised countries and countries in transition In emerging democracies and post-conflict states across Europe, the convergence of corruption of officialdom and emergence of organised crime has provided fertile ground for the growth in human trafficking Trafficking – modern day slavery – occurs both within and across borders and affects economies, political stability, law enforcement and public health

7. The Trafficking of ChildrenUNGIFT – United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked each year worldwide 95% of victims experience physical or sexual violence 43% of victims are used for forced commercial sexual exploitation 98% of this number are women and children 32% are used for forced economic exploitation 56% of this number are women and children

8. Child Trafficking & the UK • CEOP recorded 325 children trafficked into the UK between March ‘07 and Feb ’08 – of these approx. 180 went missing from Local Authority care • In 2008-09 ‘Operation Glover’, directed against the internal trafficking of teenage girls for sexual exploitation, rescued 33 trafficking victims

9. ‘Operation Golf’ • In 2010 ‘Operation Golf’ picked up 103 Roma children from 13 addresses in East London. 52 adults were arrested. The trafficking ring was operating from one town in Romania. • Between 01.04.09 and 31.03.11 the UKHTC received 1481 referrals – 390 of which were minors But why are people trafficked? For what purpose?

10. In the UK children are trafficked for:ECPAT – End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and the Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes Sexual exploitation Forced labour (including restaurant and catering work) Domestic servitude Cultivation of cannabis Drug trafficking Begging & Petty theft Blood rituals Benefit fraud Selling counterfeit goods such as DVD’s Illegal adoption / private fostering

11. In the UK… [ECPAT] There is also evidence that children are brought to and removed from the UK for forced marriage There is no current evidence that children are being trafficked into the UK for organ removal although there are documented cases elsewhere in the world including both East and West Europe But why is trafficking possible? What do you think makes ‘some’ people more vulnerable to trafficking – both from abroad and here in the UK?

12. Poverty – the root cause of vulnerability to exploitation Lack of education – attendance at school has been a key means of protecting children from all forms of exploitation Discrimination – this can be based on gender and ethnicity Cultural attitudes – traditional cultural attitudes can mean that some children are more vulnerable to trafficking than others Grooming – children are sometimes trafficked out of their country of origin after having been groomed for purposes of sexual exploitation Dysfunctional families – children may choose to leave home as a result of domestic abuse and / or neglect or they may have parents / guardians with substance dependency issues Political conflict and economic transition – often lead to movements of large numbers of people and the erosion of economic and social protection mechanisms Natural disasters – Earthquakes, Tsunami’s etc – displacement leads to separated children and vulnerable adults Inadequate local laws and regulations – trafficking involves many different events and processes and legislation in some countries has been slow to keep pace. Even where there is appropriate legislation enforcement is often hampered by lack of prioritisation, corruption and ignorance of the law

13. “A barbaric trade in human miseryright on our doorsteps” –Grahame Maxwell - UKHTC "One of the first victims we helped in the UK was a 15 year-old Lithuanian girl who found herself in Sheffield where she managed to escape her trafficker and turned up at a police station. Her case shows how unsuspecting young victims are lured from their homes into a nightmare world of brutality and rape. She was phoned up by someone and asked if she would like to sell ice cream for the summer in London and was told she would earn about £300. The traffickers signed a consent form and her parents, believing it was a good opportunity, approved the trip. She was flown to Gatwick and sold in a coffee shop from one trafficker to another for £3,000. Her passport was taken off her and sold for £4,000. Later the same night, she was taken to a flat brutalised and raped, and from that moment on she was forced to act as a prostitute.” The girl was sold six times in six different cities in the UK before finally escaping and helping the police catch her traffickers.

14. Behind the Smile on Vimeo 8000 women work in off-street prostitution in London 80% of these are foreign nationals Over 1000 trafficked women have been referred to the Poppy Project since March 2003 “You can't get away from them. You just want to kill yourself” ALMA - ALBANIAN SURVIVOR OF SEX TRAFFICKING

15. Identifying Victims of TraffickingHealth Indicators [Harrow LSCB] • Untreated injury / medical condition [unexplained delay in seeking treatment] • Indications of abuse / neglect • Not registered with GP • Use of different doctors / A&E Departments • Evidence of substance misuse • STI / unwanted pregnancy [possibly numerous] – lack of medical attention during pregnancy • May have tatoo’s or other marks indicating ‘ownership’

16. Physical Health SymptomsStolen Smiles – a summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and children trafficked in Europe • Fatigue & Weight Loss – easily tired, loss of appetite • Neurological – headaches, dizzy spells, difficulty remembering, fainting • Gastrointestinal – stomach or abdominal pain, upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation • Sexual & Reproductive Health – urination pain, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, vaginal pain, vaginal bleeding [not menstruation], gynaecological infection • Cardiovascular – chest / heart pain, breathing difficulty • Musculoskeletal – back pain, fractures / sprains, joint or muscular pain, facial injuries • Eyes – vision problems, eye pain • ENT - ear pain, colds, flu & sinus infections • Dermatological – rashes, itching, sores

17. The NHS (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 1989 (S.I. 1989/306) • Amended to provide a new exemption from charge category for anyone who the ‘Competent Authorities’ of the UK have identified as a victim of human trafficking • Or consider that there are reasonable grounds to believe is a victim of human trafficking for whom a ‘recovery and reflection’ period has not yet expired • This will extend to their spouse/civil partner or dependent child • As of 1 April 2009 trusts must not charge those patients who are identified as actual or suspected victims

18. Trafficking for Forced labour • Green Acres travellers‘ site - September 2011 • 24 English, Polish & Romanian men suspected of being held against their will • Four men and a woman arrested on suspicion of committing slavery offences • “They were told they could not leave and if they did they would be beaten up and attacked. The men we found at the site were in a poor state of physical health and the conditions they were living in were shockingly filthy and cramped. We believe that some of them had been living and working there in a state of virtual slavery, some for just a few weeks and others for up to 15 years. The men appeared to have been ‘recruited’ from soup kitchens and benefits offices and included people with problems such as alcoholism. They're recruited and told if you come here we'll pay you £80 a day, we'll look after you, give you board and lodgings but when they get here, their hair is cut off them, they're kept in some cases in horseboxes, dog kennels and old caravans, made to work for no money, given very, very small amounts of food.” Detective Chief Inspector Sean O'Neill - Bedfordshire Police

19. ‘Domestic Servitude’(S.71 Coroners & Justice Act 2009) Holding another person in slavery or servitude or requiring another person to perform forced or compulsory labour. The circumstances must be such that the defendant knows or ought to know that the person is being so held, or required to perform such labour. The offence applies to legal persons e.g. Companies as it applies to natural persons.

20. A young Chinese woman, forced into domestic servitude in a UK takeaway restaurant, was confined to live in this outhouse

21. This was her bed – the post mortem on her body indicated that she had died of hypothermia. There was evidence of severe physical abuse on her body

22. The Traffickers... 52% of traffickers are men, 42% are women and 6% work in joint enterprise In 54% of cases recruiters are strangers to victims whilst 46% of victims know their recruiters The global annual profit made from the exploitation of all trafficked forced labour is conservatively estimated to be US$31.6 Billion {UNGIFT} This illicit commercialisation of humanity is the fastest growing global crime and is today one of the largest criminal industries in the world second only to the trade in arms

23. The 21st Century Slave Trade “Human trafficking is a crime that demeans the value of human life and is a form of modern day slavery” UK Action Plan on Human Trafficking - CHP 2 “There are more slaves in the world today than were seized from Africa in the four centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade” ‘Free the Slaves’ – Kevin Bales “The trafficking of women and children is an egregious violation of human rights” Anti-Slavery International “ Anyone can report suspected trafficking – as a public service professional it is your duty Geoff Feavyour – Chief Constable - Leicestershire Police

24. How do we COMBATHuman Trafficking? Countries of origin, transit and destination share a mutual interest and responsibility in combating human trafficking - we must work across borders Human trafficking has a destabilising effect on democratic institutions, the rule of law and respect for human rights BUT… “Liberation is not just about knocking down doors and dragging people to freedom. Permanent freedom requires survivors to ‘own’ their freedom and to change the systems that support slavery” – trafficking-monitor.blogspot.com All agencies agree that initiatives designed to combat human trafficking have to concentrate on the three P’s: Prevention, Protection and Prosecution

25. Prevention… In the year 2000 the United Nations adopted the ‘Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children The Palermo Protocol entered into force on 25th December 2003 and had been signed and ratified by 117 countries worldwide, including the UK, by June 2010 CET 197 – The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings [Warsaw 2005] entered into force on 1st February 2008 and had been signed and ratified by 34 European countries, including the UK, by July 2010. It came into force in the UK on 1st April 2009 The UK Government directed SOCA {Serious and Organised Crime Agency} to take governance of the UK’s anti-trafficking strategy In October 2006 SOCA launched the UKHTC {United Kingdom Human Trafficking Centre} as a multi-agency decision making body with responsibility for enforcing the UK Action plan on Tackling Human Trafficking The UK Action Plan tasks the public, private and voluntary sectors to work together in a co-ordinated and directed manner to combat the trafficking of human beings

26. Prevention > Protection… Much work has been done over the last decade, since Palermo, to get legislation in place worldwide to back the fight against human trafficking It is now key that all agencies involved in the safeguarding of children and young people adopt best practice regards dealing with ‘trafficking situations’ to ensure compliance with both the UN & UK Action Plan Both safeguarding & non-safeguarding professionals, who may come across victims of trafficking in their everyday working lives are directed to ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ and more specifically the addendum publication ‘Safeguarding Children Who May Have Been Trafficked’ Professionals working in the children’’s workforce should familiarise themselves with the LSCB’s ‘Trafficked Children Toolkit’ now accepted by the UKHTC as the most appropriate guidance and assessment matrix for identifying victims of human trafficking - (www.londonscb.gov.uk)

27. Protection > Prosecution… The UKHTC is the nominated ‘Competent Authority’ (along with the UKBA). They have responsibility for making decisions as to whether a referred person is a victim of trafficking Any First Responder that wishes to refer a potential victim of human trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is required to fill out a standard referral form First Responders are the only people entitled to fill out this form and currently they are; Police, UK Border Agency (UKBA), Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), Local Authorities / Social Services, Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) plus a range of NGO’s and charities working with victims of trafficking The Competent Authority assesses whether there is ‘reasonable’ or ‘conclusive’ grounds to decide if a referred person is indeed a victim of trafficking. Victims are given a 45 day reflection period (extendable) to decide whether they wish to pursue prosecution and / or be repatriated

28. Prosecution… In 2006 there were just 5,808 prosecutions and 3,160 convictions throughout the world for human trafficking Put into perspective, this means that for every 800 people trafficked just one person was convicted in 2006 In the UK between 2006 and 2010 109 people were sentenced for trafficking offences receiving an average custodial sentence of 4yrs 2mths In the same period 254,980 people were sentenced for drugs offences receiving an average custodial sentence of 2yrs 8mths This is organised crime on a global scale and if we are to tackle it we need to be equally well organised in our strategies and responses to this ‘egregious violation of human rights’ There are no black and white answers to tackling trafficking – we need to look at a multi-agency 3P approach differentiated according to the needs of each individual situation

29. The Human Trafficking Venn: Prevention • Education – tailored packages for professionals and non - professionals • Cross border cooperation – countries of origin, transit & destination • Campaigning – ASI, Stop the Traffik, ECPAT, MTV Exit, Blue Blindfold, ATA, Unchosen, Unseen, CROP, Just Whistle… • Social Cohesion – involve communities • Reduce demand Protection Prosecution Multi-Agency • Improve victim identification • Support victim service development & provision • Enshrine rights-based approach in policies & programme planning • Engage public, private and voluntary sectors • DO NOT RE-VICTIMISE • Liaise over necessary use of CP procedures • Enact Palermo / simplify laws • Collaborate with law enforcement agencies: Police / UKBA / IA • Confiscation Orders / tougher sentencing • Share intelligence: UKHTC / CEOP / Crimestoppers • Use contacts and intelligence in custodial estate – work with perpetrators? • Collaborate with & use SOCA & UNODC

30. Signposting: UKHTC - 0844 778 2406 - www.ukhtc.org London LSCB - www.londonscb.gov.uk ECPAT - 020 7233 9887 - www.ecpat.org.uk NSPCC / CTAIL – 0800 107 7057 CEOP - 020 7238 2320 / 2307 – www.ceop.gov.uk Children’s Legal Centre - 01206 872 466 www.childrenslegalcentre.com CFAB – Children & Families Across Borders (ISS) – 020 7735 8941 CRIMESTOPPERS - 0800 555 111 www.combattrafficking.eu