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Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Wilson’s Fourteen Points. An end to secret diplomacies and alliances… Safe and free seas whether in peacetime or wartime… Freer trade relations amongst nations… Reduce the arm’s race amongst all nations… Reevaluate colonial claims…

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Wilson’s Fourteen Points

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  1. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • An end to secret diplomacies and alliances… • Safe and free seas whether in peacetime or wartime… • Freer trade relations amongst nations… • Reduce the arm’s race amongst all nations… • Reevaluate colonial claims… • Freedom for Russian territories and an acceptance of its new government… • Freedom for Belgium territories in Germany… • Immediate evacuation of all French territory… • Reevaluate Italian borders…along national lines… • Freedom for various peoples in Austria-Hungary… • Restore all of the Balkan nations… • Protect minorities in Turkey and access to the Dardanelles… • Polish independence • Establishment of the League of Nations to oversee this all…

  2. The League of Nations • Wilson hoped that it would counteract the ‘unwise’ provisions and ‘keep the peace’ • Didn’t keep peace, though it did have some successes… • Maintaining rights of some religious and ethnic minorities… • Economic sanctions were it’s weapons…failed due to the League’s inability to reprimand its members…

  3. Revolution and Fascism in Italy • World War I • 700,000 Soldiers died • 148 Billion lire (2x govt. spending 1861-1913) • Gains: Trieste and South Tyrol but not given Fiume and Dalmatia (grrr) • Demobilization and the veterans…

  4. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)…the earliest originator of the concept and practice of Fascism

  5. Mussolini’s Italy…almost… • Was supposed to be an elementary school teacher…seriously… • Eventually kicked out of the Socialist party…formed his Fascio di Combattimento…gained more and more support because of the other parties’ weaknesses… • Squadristi • ‘Reign of terror’ • Eventually numbered 200,000+ • ‘March’ on Rome (1922) • Made PM 1922 • By 1926, his Fascist dictatorship was firmly established… Mussolini’s ‘Black-Shirts’…castor oil anyone?

  6. Fascist Germany…the best example of a totalitarian state…

  7. Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Worker’s Party…oh yeah… • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • Supposed to be an artist… • Lived ‘bohemian’ life in Vienna, while there he developed many of his ‘world views’ • Nationalism, ‘struggle’, and anti-Semitism… • Fought in WWI, distinguished himself with his acts of bravery… • When he returned to Munich after the war he found his true calling…politics… • By 1921, he had assumed control of the NAZI party…

  8. Hitler in LandsbergPrison, 1924…where he wrote Mein Kampf

  9. Key Concepts in Mein Kampf • Lebensraum (living room) • Drang nach Osten (drive toward the East) • (mistake to try for colonies in Africa) • War only way to expand • Extensive home front preparation for war • Subordination of all dissenting parties, independent organizations, groups • Subordination of all dissenting individuals, esp. Marxists & Jews • All of this HAD to begin with a ‘lawful’ takeover of power…

  10. Hitler’s ‘legal’ rise to power… • Began as soon as he was released from prison… • Reorganized NAZI party according to Fuhrerprinzip…SA (Stormtroopers) • Went from 27,000 members in 1925 to 178,000 by 1929…youthful followers… • Began to incorporate middle-class followers…. • By 1930 the Nazis polled 18% of the vote in the Reichstag… • A ‘working’ parliamentary majority was dying • Nazi seizure of power… • Nazi election campaigns were highly effective…Hitler himself promised to ‘create a new Germany’ that was free from ‘class differences and party in-fighting’ • Hitler was made chancellor on January 30, 1933 and allowed to form a new government…via Hindenburg’s approval…

  11. Nazi seizure of power… • Made Hermann Goring minister of the interior thus head of the Prussian police…legitimized Nazi terror… • Reichstag fire (February,1933) emergency powers given… • Enabling Act (March,1933) • Nazi’s had 288 Reichstag seats, got a 2/3 vote to pass the act which would suspend all constitutional forms for 4 years while ‘issues’ dealt with… • Gleichschaltung… • Civil service was purged of Jews, any democratic elements, and concentration camps were established… • 2 sources of danger (1933), The SA and the army…solved this by playing the two against each other…and killing a few people…

  12. Outbreak of World War II • Introduction • Underlying Causes • Immediate Causes

  13. Underlying Causes of W.W. II: • World War I • Harshness of Treaty of Versailles

  14. Underlying Causes of W.W. II: • Problems Left Unsolved after World War I • Harshness of Treaty of Versailles • Failure of new European democracies • —Weimar Republic in Germany • Economic Problems…the Great Depression…

  15. Underlying Causes of W.W. II: • roblemLeft Unsolved after World War I • Harshness of Treaty of Versailles • Failure of new European democracies • —esp. Weimar Republic in Germany • President Hindenburg has been described as a ‘monarchist at heart’. It’s success was really not a true goal of his… • German army…never really controlled… • Too many anti-democratic factions at work... • Economic issues… • Essentially, democracy had given way to totalitarianism…(total warfare=totalitarianism)…in fact, by 1939, only France and GB remained democratic…

  16. Underlying Causes of W.W. II: • Harshness of Treaty of Versailles • Failure of new European democracies • —Weimar Republic in Germany • Economic Problems • Rising Nationalism (*sigh* this again?), and rising Militarism…

  17. Underlying Causes of W.W. II: • Harshness of Treaty of Versailles • Failure of new European democracies • —Weimar Republic in Germany • Economic Problems • Rising Nationalism, Militarism • Territorial Aggression of Japan, Italy, and • Germany • —“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” • —Lebensraum • Failure of League of Nations • Fear of another World War

  18. What the League Should Have Stopped … But Couldn’t: • Japanese invasion of Manchukuo…1937…basically starts WWII in the Far East • German rearmament (March 9, 1935) Blitzkrieg… • Italian Conquest of Ethiopia, 1935-37 • Remilitarization of the Rhine, 1936 “going back into their own garden” • Rome/Berlin Axis, Oct. 1936 and the Anti-Comintern Act in November • Spanish Civil War, 1936-39 • Japanese attacks on China, 1937-39 • Austrian Anschluss, 1938 • German Annexation of the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia, 1938

  19. Causes of World War II • Topics: • Introduction • Underlying Causes • Immediate Causes

  20. Immediate Causes of W.W. II: • Germany and Japan are trying to make up for their late arrival on the global empire building front… • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • (August 23, 1939) • Soviets promised to remain neutral if Germany invaded Poland • In exchange for partition of Poland • Removed threat of 2-front war for Germany • Germans invade Poland • Sept. 1, 1939 (all in favor say Heil Hitler…) • Britain and France declare war • (Sept. 3, 1939)

  21. The Second Great World War 1939-1945

  22. Blitzkrieg • Sept,1939, within 4wks, Poland surrenders. • 1.5 million German troops • Soviet union and Germany divide Poland… • April,1940,Denmark and Norway. • 50,000 British troops driven out… • 1 month later, France Netherlands & Belgium. • ‘Miracle of Dunkirk’, 350,000+ • By June 22, France surrenders. • Germany was now in full control of western and central Europe. • Chamberlain replaced by Churchill in May of 1940

  23. Britain stands alone… • Winston Churchill • Hard line policy against Nazi Germany • Germany launches air attacks beginning August of 1940. • Effective radar system • British hold them off until September • Hitler turns to the Mediterranean strategy…why? • Hitler’s heart wasn’t in it… • June 22 ,1941, Hitler invades S.U. • German troops advanced along an 1,800-mile front • The Soviet Army and State stood their ground… • By Nov were 25 miles from Moscow. . . but…December 7, 1941 happens…

  24. The War in Asia • December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor • December 8, U.S. declares war on Japan • http://youtu.be/eQ9AC7GH9Sc (lilhitler) • December 11, Hitler declares war on the U.S. • Japanese ‘Blitzkrieg’ on U.S. Pacific Fleet… • Emperor Hirohito and his commanders underestimated the ‘gluttonous’ Americans… The sinking of the USS Arizona

  25. America enters the War. • By 1942, the war turned on the Germans. • The Grand Alliance (U.S., BG, SU,) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) • ‘Unconditional surrender’ • Battles of Stalingrad (1942-1943) • Turning point for the Eastern Front…those damnable Russian winters… • Midway (May 1942) • Turning point for Pacific Front…General Douglas MacArthur’s brilliance… • Normandy (June 6, 1944) • History’s greatest amphibious invasion…150,000 troops landed on first day • http://youtu.be/Sgs5DgDhsnI (ryan) • By Jan of 1945 Hitler moves to his bunker. . .

  26. The Holocaust resulted in the killing of 11-12 million people, including gypsies, homosexuals, political opponents, Poles, communists, Russian POWs and Jews, handicap, and Jehovah Witnesses • Jews were the single largest victim group of the Nazis, targeted for immediate and complete annihilation. Every 2 out 3 Jews in Europe were murdered, approximately 6 million total.

  27. End of the War Mussolini shot by partisan Italian forces on April 28th, 1945, April 30th Hitler commits suicide. To the very end he blamed the Jews. On May 7th German commanders surrender. The defeat of Japan was accomplished with the dropping of the ‘bombs’ on August 6th 1945.

  28. Aftermath of the War: Cold War • The Big Three in Tehran 1943 • SU and US suspicious of each other. • Potsdam Conference of July 1945 • Note: before the dropping of the bombs on Japan • Main issue? Eastern Europe • March, 1946…Churchill gives speech…an ‘iron curtain’ has ‘descended across the Continent’

  29. A Cold what exactly? • WWII alliances ended in mutual suspicions • Eastern Europe…again… • Who started it? Stalin’s intentions…previously closed Soviet archives… • The Years of 1945-1949 • The Truman Doctrine (1947) • Greece (1946)…Financial aid to countries feeling threatened by Communist expansion… • The Marshall Plan (1947)…or the ‘Economic Recovery Program’ • $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe…ulterior motives? ‘Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos’ General Marshall

  30. A Cold what exactly cont… • ‘Containment’ • At first the US’s goals were to get out of European affairs quickly… • July 1947 in Foreign Affairs, George Kennan advocated a policy of containment…what did it mean?* • Soviet Blockade of Berlin in 1948 (Western powers shipped 2.3 million tons of food on 277,500 flights) • the US adopts containment as formal American policy… • NATO and the Warsaw Pact • 1949: Soviets detonate first atomic bomb…growing arms race and a series of MILITARY alliances • NATO (April 1949): Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, US, Canada, West Germany, Greece, and Turkey… • Warsaw Pact (1955): Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Soviet Union…

  31. The frigidity spreads… • The Korean War (1950-1953) • Once Japan was removed US and USSR split Korea at the 38th parallel • Any hopes of independent government gone when split between north and south… • June 25, 1950, Stalin approved a North Korean invasion of the South… • UN approval of US troops under MacArthur sent in September…motives? • Thwarted by China…yes China • 33,000 American casualties and a growing hatred of China • The First Vietnam War (early 1950’s to 1954) • The Vietnamese under Ho Chi Minh want the French out… • 1954: North and South Vietnam… • Berlin Crisis (1958) • ‘the testicles of the West: every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin’ (Hitchcock, 215) • 1958 (Eisenhower) and 1961 (JFK): 6 month ultimatums • Leads to the Berlin Wall in August of 1961…powerful symbol of division between east and west…

  32. The Frigidity spreads cont… • The Cuban Missile Crisis* (1962) • Fidel Castro of Cuba • 1961: Bay of Pigs • 1962: SU attempts to station nuclear missiles in Cuba…a truce is reached • The Second Vietnam War (early 1960’s-1973) • Widely publicized • 58,000+ American casualties • The tide on the Cold War is turning…’Vietnam syndrome’ US fighter flying over Soviet ship

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