SBP and the healthy rumen 甜菜粕与瘤胃健康

1. AB Co Products Asia is a division of AB Agri Ltd, the Agriculture Group of Associated British Foods plc

2. SBP and the healthy rumen甜菜粕与瘤胃健康 小山彼德 市场发展总监

3. Schematic Diagram of the stomachs 瘤网胃示意图

4. Rumen瘤胃 • Capacity容积 • 150+ litres150升左右 • Structure结构 • Muscular wall肌肉壁 • Carpet of papillae (finger like projections to increase surface area)布满乳头状突起（竖起的指状物，增加吸收表面积）

5. Key Rumen Points瘤胃主要特点 • Huge vat of microbial activity巨大的活性瘤胃发酵罐 • Able to breakdown fibre能够降解纤维 • pH important to maintain optimal activity pH对维持瘤胃最佳活性很重要 • Requirement for structural fibre (salivation, rumen wall contraction)需要结构性纤维（刺激唾液分泌、瘤胃壁收缩） • Adapted to absorb volatile fatty acids吸收挥发性脂肪酸

6. Rumen Microbes瘤胃微生物 • Bacteria细菌 • Protozoa原虫 • Fungi and yeast真菌和酵母 • Anaerobic厌氧菌 • Facultative (can tolerate low levels of oxygen)兼性的（可以耐受低氧） • 特性的 (intolerable of oxygen – yeast!)（不能忍受低氧－酵母） • Dynamic population菌群呈动态

7. Rumen Microbes瘤胃微生物

8. Rumen Bacteria细菌

9. Energy Yielding Nutrients产能养分 Small Intestine 小肠 Rumen Soft Fat Unprotected Fat Hard Fat Fat Protected Fat Indigestible Fibre Food Energy 食物能量 Fibre Digestible Fibre Acetate Carbohydrates }Absorbed Sugars Butyrate Starch Propionate Blood stream血液

10. Carbohydrate Fermentation碳水化合物发酵 • Yields VFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate) • 产生挥发性脂肪酸（乙酸、丁酸、丙酸） • Slowly degradable (fibre)  Acetate • 缓慢发酵（纤维） • Quickly degradable (S + S)  Propionate • Acidosis risk from lactic acid • 快速发酵（ S + S ）丙酸－可能导致因乳酸中毒 • VFAs absorbed across rumen wall • 通过瘤胃壁吸收挥发性脂肪酸 • Carbon dioxide and methane二氧化碳和甲烷

11. SARA – what is it?什么是亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 Too much acid胃酸过多 Too much lactic acid乳酸过多 Poor rumen efficiency瘤胃效率下降 Waste of feed饲料浪费 Lower yields产奶量低 Lower milk quality乳品质量下降 Lameness蹄病

12. The Rumen Bugs瘤胃微生物 Optimum rumen pH is 6.5 最佳瘤胃PH值6.5 pH 5.8 – 6.1 short time after feeding 饲喂后短时间内PH达到5.8-6.1 pH 5.2 – 5.8 long periods – SARA稍长时间PH值达到5.2-5.8-亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 Not always obvious通常症状不明显 pH under 5.2 acute acidosisPH值下降至5.2c以下，瘤胃酸中毒 Obvious!症状明显

13. Where is acid from?酸来自哪里？ Optimum rumen pH is 6.5 理想瘤胃PH值为6.5 Carbohydrates fermented by rumen bugs被瘤胃微生物发酵的炭水化合物 Fermentation creates acids (VFAs)发酵产生酸（挥发性脂肪酸） Sugars are broken down most quickly,糖被迅速分解 Then starch之后是淀粉 Then fibre最后是纤维

14. Danger Point • High NDF (fibre) ration • High starch ration

15. The Rumen瘤胃 Optimum pH is 6.5 最佳PH值6.5 Fibre纤维 Cellulose & hemicellulose -> acetic acid纤维素及半纤维素－>乙酸 Starch -> propionic acid淀粉->丙酸 Excessive propionic -> lactic acid过剩丙酸->乳酸 Very strong acid酸性强

16. Sub acute ruminal acidosis (SARA)亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 • Rumen pH 5.2 to 5.6瘤胃PH值5.2-5.6 • Damage to rumen wall损伤瘤胃壁 Damaged Healthy

17. SARA results in laminitis & lame cows亚急性瘤胃酸中毒导致蹄叶炎和跛足 • Laminitis-related hoof problems (sole ulcer, white line abscess, and solar hemorrhage)蹄叶炎－与蹄病相关（蹄部溃疡，白线脓肿，蹄部出血） • Damage to the ruminal epithelium损伤瘤胃上皮组织 • Absorption of histamine and endotoxins吸收组胺和内毒素 • Disrupt normal circulation and cause disease within the hoof干扰正常内循环，引起蹄部疾病

18. Have your cows got SARA?你的牛有没有得上亚急性瘤胃酸中毒？ • Body condition – poor体况较差 • Cudding activity – less than 50% 反刍率－小于50％ • Dung – thin, bubbles粪便－稀，有气泡 • Milk solids – low milk fat and protein奶质硬－乳蛋白、乳脂率低 • Lameness跛足 • Damage to rumen wall损伤瘤胃壁 • Liver and lung abscesses肝部/肺部浓疮

19. Forage : Concentrate ratio精粗比 Early lactation泌乳早期 40 forage: 60 concentrate粗料：精料＝40：60 Late lactation泌乳后期 60 forage: 40 concentrate粗料：精料＝60：40

20. 主要的几大类粗料Main Forages • 干玉米秸 Dry Corn Stalk • 豆秸 Bean Stalk • 花生秧 Peanut Vine • 麦秸 Wheat Stalk • 黄贮 No-cob Corn Silage (Very Mature) • 羊草 Sheep grass

21. 切短的玉米秸Corn Stalk

22. 低质量粗料 - 能量和适口性

23. 打短的豆秸Soya Bean Stalk

24. 黄贮玉米No-cob Mature Corn Silage

25. Structural or Effective fibre结构性好、效率高的纤维

26. Effective fibre有效纤维 • Effective NDF (eNDF) 有效NDF (eNDF) • Long fibre particles (effective fibre), mostly from forage) are vital to: - 长纤维（有效纤维），多来自粗料:- • Stimulate chewing - secretion of salivary buffers促进咀嚼－唾液分泌 • Formation of a rumen mat that entraps small particles形成瘤胃垫，捕获小颗粒 • Providing a consistent source of fuel to the microbes in the rumen为瘤胃微生物提供持续的能量

27. Poor Forage Quality粗饲料质量差 • Mature plants – corn stalks成熟作物－玉米桔杆 • Low digestible fibre可消化纤维低 • Low energy能量低 • High rumen fill瘤胃填充性好 • Difficult to give the cow enough energy难以为奶牛提供足够的能量 • Early lactation泌乳早期 • Temptation to feed high maize levels促使大量使用玉米

28. How much Starch & Sugar?多少淀粉和糖 • Between 2 to 3 starch : 1 sugar淀粉：糖＝3：1 • 5 – 8% sugars糖 • 15 – 24% starch淀粉 • 25 – 32% starch & sugar淀粉和糖

30. Cattle at risk of SARA哪些牛容易患亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 • Transition animals (before & after calving)过度期牛（产犊前后） • Incomplete development of rumen papillae瘤胃乳头发育不完全 • Non TMR fed非TMR饲喂 • Less saliva per unit of feed单位饲料唾液分泌少 • Sorting leaving some of the forage 挑食，粗料采集少 • High intake animals采集量高的牛 • High degree of variability in ration and meal patterns日粮变化大 • Poorly balanced diets日粮营养不平衡

31. Dry diets can be easily be separated by cows干性日粮非容易被奶牛挑选采食

32. TMR中吃剩的玉米秸杆Corn Stalk in TMR Residual

33. 吃剩的豆秸日粮Residue of Bean Stalk Ration

34. Poor environments increase risk of SARA 环境差增加了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的风险 • Heat stress热应激 • Overcrowding牛群密度大 • Uncomfortable stalls牛栏不舒适 • Why?为什么？ • Competition /aggressive behaviour互相竞争/攻击性行为 • Alter feed intake patterns实际采食变化 • Animal behaviour动物行为

35. Strategies for reducing SARA减少亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的策略 • Increase diet digestible fibre content 提高日粮可消化纤维含量 • Add Sugar Beet Pulp使用啤酒糟/甜菜粕 • non-forage fibre sources非粗饲料纤维 • fibre in SBF less filling than forage NDF甜菜粕纤维的填充性比粗饲料NDF低 • Smaller particle size长度小 • digested more quickly更迅速地被消化 • high in DIGESTIBLE fibre可消化纤维含量高

36. Comparing NDF levels and digestibilityNDF水平与可消化率比较

37. Starch levels can be reduced淀粉用量可以降低

38. Better forage quality更好的粗料 Cut younger – green早收割－青贮 Higher in digestible fibre 可消化纤维高 Palatable适口性好 Consistent throughout the clamp质量一致 Chop length 切割长度 KNOW THE ANALYSIS了解化验指标

39. Increasing physically effective fibre increases time being a cow!提高有效纤维，提高奶牛“作牛”的时间

40. Keep things balanced – 1. the diet保持平衡－1.日粮 • Balance digestible fibre and starch 可消化纤维与淀粉平衡 • Chop the forage 3 – 8 cm粗料切割长度3-8cm • No wider than the cow’s mouth!不要宽于牛嘴巴的宽度 • Max 4 Kgs concentrate per feed最高4公斤精料 • Good mix混拌均匀 • Push up the feed to the barrier often定时整理料堆 • Add molasses to reduce sorting使用糖蜜减少挑食

41. Forage as wide as her mouth!粗料长度与嘴巴同宽

42. Keep things balanced – 2. the environment保持平衡－2.环境 Feeding as often as possible – ad libitum尽量多提供食物－不限饲 Keep the feed fresh保证饲料新鲜 Allow more space for cows to feed为牛留出足够的采集空间 Less competition for feed减少抢食 Less aggressive behaviour减少攻击性行为 Avoid summer heat stress避免热应激 Comfortable place to lie舒适的牛床

43. Enough room to feed足够的饲喂空间

44. Pectin reduces risk of SARA果胶减少亚急性瘤胃酸中毒 • Pectin has low concentrations in most feeds (< 2 to 3%) 大多数原料果胶含量少(<2-3%) • Some feeds contain higher concentrations such as sugar beet pulp (~15 to 20%)某些原料果胶含量高如甜菜粕(~15-20%) • Pectin果胶 • Highly fermentable可发酵率高 • High whole tract digestibility全消化率高 • Moderates rumen fermentation, unlike fermentation of starch, as rate of pectin fermentation slows as rumen pH decreases.瘤胃发酵速度中等。与淀粉的发酵模式不同。当瘤胃PH值下降时果胶发酵速度变慢

45. Measures of good rumen activity良好瘤胃活性的检测 • Cudding frequency and rate反刍频率和速度 • Post feeding >60 % should be cudding with vigour饲喂后>60%应该在反刍，且有力。 • Dung colour and texture粪便颜色和质地 • Dark khaki, firm not stiff, no foaming devoid of measurable amounts of fibre and grain深黄褐色，成型但不硬，测定纤维和谷物容量时没有泡沫出现 • Sieving under cold water should leave very fine fibre/hairy skeletons在冷水冲洗后应该留下消化纤细的纤维/毛发 • Bloom毛色光泽 • Degree of sheen on the coat毛色很亮 • Posture and activity姿势和活动 • Head up and alert头仰起，且有警觉

46. Benefits of SBP on rumen fermentation甜菜粕对瘤胃发酵的益处 Source: University of Reading, UK Source: CEDAR

47. Replacing Grass Silage with SBP利用压缩渣滓替代青草青贮饲喂效果

48. Higher intake in cows fed 3:1 corn : grass silage, when SBP replaces wheat加糖密甜菜粕替代小麦，采食量提高(玉米:青草青贮 ３:１) AB Agri, University of Reading

49. SBF stimulates development of calf rumen wall甜菜粕有助于犊牛瘤胃壁的发育 Replacing grain with SBF and other digestible fibre sources stimulates the physiological and metabolic development of the rumen wall使用甜菜粕或其他可消化纤维原料替代谷物有助于瘤胃壁组织结构和新陈代谢系统的发育 Increasing in dry matter intake 提高干物质采食量 Allows smooth transition to non milk diets 促进平稳过渡到非奶型日粮 Repeatedly demonstrated on Chinese farms 不断向中国农户讲解 Rowett Research Institute, UK

50. SBP Products甜菜粕 • Raise rumen pH that is low due to: • Feeding high acid forages – especially lactic acid • 过量饲喂酸性草料—特别是乳酸 • Feeding high starch diets饲喂过量淀粉 • Using high feed rates per feed and/or per day • Poor structural value leading to low cudding rates and saliva (natural buffer) production • 不良的价值结构会导致低反刍率和唾液量（天然缓冲剂） • Can be used as part of a strategy to reduce the risk of Sub Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) (acid stomach) 可以用作减少亚急性瘤胃酸中毒发生策略的一部分 • Contribute to minimising the risk of diet related laminitis (swelling of the hoof 减少由于日粮引起的蹄叶炎