ESRM 426 / SEFS 525

1. ESRM 426 / SEFS 525 Wildland Hydrology http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.426/

2. Course Objectives • This course is designed to give you a basic understanding of: • the hydrologic cycle especially in wildland watersheds • management effects on components of the hydrologic cycle • Assignments are designed to give you practical knowledge about how to do routine hydrologic analyses and design • Students will perform hydrologic measurements in the field and use their data to understand and interpret the hydrologic cycle.  • By the end of the course, students will be able to independently • conduct basic hydrologic research • compute basic watershed water balances • locate hydrological data on the web

3. Course Outcomes • How to do unit conversions for hydrologic analysis, especially with •    respect to depth, area, volume relationships • Methods on filling in missing precipitation data and changing point • data to areal data • How to measure interception and throughfall components of the • hydrologic cycle • How to measure infiltration rates • Understanding how soil moisture varies in space and time • How to compute soil moisture • Understanding basic ground water principles • Understanding how precipitation, soil moisture, groundwater and stream flow are related • How to measure stream velocity and discharge using different methods • How to compute return periods for hydrologic events and compute risk • How and when to use the Rational Formula and the SCS Curve Number method for computing runoff • Awareness of common errors in hydrologic data collection and how to • account for them.

4. Class organization • Arboretum is our watershed/laboratory • Teams will collect data weekly in the field • Collected data MUST entered to google doc no later than Friday 4:30pm following the lab • Good data recording skills are critical for good science • For any data turned in late or in the wrong format, the entire team will lose 5% on the following homework

5. Class organization • Everyone • Thursday field trips to UW Arboretum • Homework due at beginning of class Thursdays • SEFS 525 graduate students • Paper reviews due Tuesday at beginning of class

6. Weekly Arboretum Measurements • Precipitation • Throughfall • Soil Moisture • Stream discharge (3 locations) • Water levels in ponds, piezometers and streams • Water quality

7. Field Work Responsibilities for Students • Transportation • Good field notes and measurements • Data review and entering to google.docs • Helping others when done to facilitate overall project • Equipment gathering • Equipment return and clean-up!

8. Class Homework • Weekly homeworks are quantitative • Need arithmetic, algebra and some trigonometry • Homework must be legible • Show your work! • Answers should be highlighted and must have correct units

9. Homework • Weekly homeworks will be a combination of problems and lab/field work. • Sometimes you need to make assumptions • Be sure to state those in your homework

10. Homework Hints • Think before you do • Understand what you are doing • Don’t focus on getting an answer in a hurry • Pay close attention to units • Read the book

11. Objectives: Weeks 1 and 2 • Learn what hydrology is • Learn why water is important and unique • Learn how water is distributed globally and nationally • Understand why watersheds are important • Identify the components of the hydrologic cycle • Identify the various agencies that deal with water • Learn how to format homework • Learn how to recognize significant digits in calculations • Learn how to do unit conversions • Learn about precipitation

12. Watersheds and Hydrology What’s Water Got to Do with It? • More water moves through ecosystems than any other material • The materials that it carries and deposits and the energy that it expends are major drivers in shaping the contour of the land and the habitat availability/suitability for organisms. • Water’s unique properties are the basis for life

13. What makes water so unique? Water is extraordinarily anomalous This web site lists 63 anomalies http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/anmlies.html Let’s look at some of the better known properties of water

14. What makes water so unique?

15. What makes water so unique? • Universal solvent – dissolves more substances than any other liquid • Polarity Mickey Mouse

16. What makes water so unique? • Water is the only natural substance that is found in all three states -- liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam) -- at the temperatures normally found on Earth • Water has a high specific heat index. • Can absorb a lot of heat before it begins to get hot. • This is why water is valuable to industries and in your car's radiator as a coolant. • The high specific heat index of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden near the oceans.

17. What makes water so unique? • Pure liquid water has neutral pH Coke and Pepsi 2.5

18. What makes water so unique? • Very High Surface Tension • Solid state is less dense than liquid state • Ice floats In other words, water is sticky and elastic, and tends to clump together in drops rather than spread out in a thin film. Surface tension is responsible for capillary action, which allows water (and its dissolved substances) to move through the roots of plants and through the tiny blood vessels in our bodies.

19. What is hydrology? • Study of water • Transport of water through the air, over the ground surface, through the strata of the earth • Interested in amount, timing, distribution, form, quality • Quantitative earth science • Foresters • Geologists • Engineers

20. Earth’s Water Hydrologic Cycle is a Closed System Total Volume: 309,000 Units One Unit (1) = 4475 Cubic Km (1070 Cubic Miles) 100 Units = Yearly Evaporation From Oceans 300,000 Units = Present Volume All Oceans

21. From Ritter at U Wisc Stevens Point adapted from Gabler et al. 1999

22. Global Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation From Oceans Wind Moves Moisture Laden Clouds Moisture Condenses & Falls Precipitation Falls Back Into Oceans Produces Streamflow On Land Enters Groundwater On Land Re-enters atmosphere via evapotranspiration Water Returns To Oceans Q = P – ET Runoff (water unit) = Precipitation unit – evapotranspiration unit

23. http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/wr1009/2010WR009127/2010WR009127.pdfhttp://www.agu.org/journals/wr/wr1009/2010WR009127/2010WR009127.pdf

24. Water Distribution(Total Storage) Geomax, P.C. Dr. Donald R. Reichmuth, President

25. Gleick, P. H., 1996: Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, vol. 2, pp.817-823. from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Water/

26. Other ways to think about global water distribution 1 gallon All water 3/8 cup freshwater 2 tablespoons surface water

27. Water storage bins(note use of depth for volume) Depth = Volume / Area • Atmosphere ~ 25 mm • =total volume of water x % in storage/area of earth’s surface • Lithosphere ? • Biosphere ? • Hydrosphere • Lakes ? • Rivers ?

28. Who measures water?

29. Who measures water? • Federal Government

30. Who measures water? • Federal government • Dept. of Energy • Bonneville Power Administration • Dept. of State • International Water and Boundary Commission • Dept of Interior • National Park Service • U.S. Geological Survey • U.S. Bureau of Reclamation • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Dept. of Agriculture • U.S. Forest Service • Agriculture Research Service • National Resource Conservation Service

31. Who measures water? • Federal government • Dept. of Defense • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Environmental Protection Agency • Tennessee Valley Authority • Dept. of Commerce • Nat. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • National Weather Service • National Climate Data Center • National Marine Fisheries Administration

32. Who measures water? • Tribes Individual tribes Northwest Indian Fisheries Council

33. Who measures water? • Federal Government • Tribes • State Government

34. Who measures water? State Government - Washington Dept. of Ecology Dept. of Transportation Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Dept. of Natural Resources State Climatologist

35. Who measures water? • Federal Government • Tribes • State Government • Local Governments • NGOs • Schools

36. Who measures water? • Local Governments • Counties • Cities • Watershed Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) • NGOs • The Nature Conservancy • The River Council • American Rivers • Local Watershed Groups

37. What does this list imply about water and watersheds?

38. What does this list imply about water and watershed? • Many jurisdictions • Overlapping authority • Information in disparate locations • Broad interests in water

39. Examples of where to locate national data for watersheds and streams • Watershed data • EPA Surf your watershed http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm • WA Dept of Ecology Water Resource Inventory Area http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/gis/maps/wria/wria.htm • Climate data (national and international) http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html • Washington State http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmwa.html

40. Examples of where to locate national data for watersheds and streams • Stream data- quantity and quality • USGS Water Resources Data http://water.usgs.gov/data.html • Soils data • http://soils.usda.gov/ • Aquatic biologic indicators • http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/

41. Who uses water?

42. How much and who? • 12 percent of the world's population uses 85 percent of its water • Current estimates are 4500 cubic km of withdrawals per year • Existing, accessible, reliable supply = 4200 cubic km • With no improvements predicted gap of 2800 cubic km by 2030 www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf

43. Where does our water go? • On a global basis, approximately 70% of all available fresh water is used for agriculture. • Africa: 88% • Europe: 33% • USA: 39% instructables.com waterencyclopedia.com ga.water.usgs.gov kriyayoga.com

44. US water withdrawals 2000 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1268/htdocs/figure01.html 2005 numbers Public supply 11% Domestic supply < 1% (1%) Livestock < 1% Irrigation 34% (31%) Industrial 5 % (4%) Aquaculture < 1% (2%) Thermo-electric Power 48% (49%) Mining < 1% (1%)

45. 410 billion gallons per day 2005 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/

46. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/maptotal.html

47. Ground water withdrawals This map shows total (fresh and saline) ground water withdrawals in the United States in 2000. Total about 84,600 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) ~ 83,400 Mgal/d was fresh water ~ 1,260 Mgal/d was saline water (used almost exclusively for mining) ~ 68% of fresh ground-water withdrawals went toward crop irrigation ~ 19% was withdrawn by public supply agencies for delivery to homes and businesses. This map is from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268,

48. Surface water withdrawals total (fresh and saline) surface water withdrawals in the United States in 2000. Total about 323,000 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). ~ 262,000 Mgal/d was fresh water ~ 68,200 Mgal/d was saline water (used almost exclusively for mining purposes). ~52% of fresh surface-water withdrawals was used in the electric power production 31% of fresh surface-water withdrawals went toward crop irrigation This map is from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1268

49. Consumptive Use • Consumptive use • That part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment. Also referred to as water consumed.

50. 1995 http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/misc/consuse-renewable.html