Emotions are processes that are shaped by physiology, perceptions, and social experiences.

2. Emotions are processes that are shaped by physiology, perceptions, and social experiences.

3. Emotional Intelligence The ability to recognize which feelings are appropriate in which situations and the skill to communicate those feelings effectively.

4. Emotional Intelligence • Being in touch with your feelings • Managing your emotions without being overcome by them • Not letting setbacks and disappointments derail you • Channeling your feelings to assist you in achieving your goals • Having a strong sense of empathy • Listening to your and others’ feelings • Having a strong yet realistic sense of optimism

5. The Organismic View of Emotions Stimulus Physiological Response Emotion • Regard emotions as a result of physiological factors that are instinctual and beyond our conscious analysis or control. • Recent research demonstrates that physiological reactions are neither as instinctual nor as subject to conscious control as once assumed.

6. The Perceptual View of Emotions External Event Perception of Event Interpreted Emotion Physiological Response • Asserts that subjective perceptions shape what external phenomena mean to us. • External objects and events gain meaning only as we attribute significance to them.

7. The Cognitive LabelingView of Emotions External Event Physiological Response Label for Response Emotion • Emphasizes the role of language in shaping our interpretation of events and our emotions in response to them. • What we feel may be shaped by the labels we attach to physiological responses.

8. The InteractiveView of Emotions • Key concepts • Framing rules are guidelines for defining the emotional meaning of situations. • Emotion work defines the effort we invest to generate what we think are appropriate feelings in particular situations.

9. The InteractiveView of Emotions • Key concepts • Feeling rules tell us what we have a right to feel or what we are expected to feel in particular situations. • Deep acting is controlling emotions by management of inner feelings. • Surface acting involves controlling the outward expression of emotions, not controlling what is felt.

10. The InteractiveView of Emotions Framing Rules Feeling Rules Felt Emotion Emotion Work Felt Emotion Emotional Expression • Assumes that what we feel • Involves thinking, perceiving, and imagining • While being influenced by • Social rules for framing situations • Specifying what we should and can feel

11. If you think that feelings are instinctual If you accept the interactive view of emotions The Impact of Different Views of Emotions • You will probably assume that feelings cannot be analyzed or controlled. • You are more likely to analyze your emotions and perhaps change them.

12. Obstacles to Effective Communication of Emotions • We don’t always express our emotions. • Social factors shape feelings and expression of them. • Men and women need to review the feeling rules they have been taught. • We need to decide which rules we think are appropriate and desirable to follow. • Reviewing social feeling rules helps us identify ones that are dysfunctional and choose not to adhere to them.

13. Obstacles to Effective Communication of Emotions • Vulnerability—we may not express our feelings because we don’t want to expose ourselves to others. • Protecting others—we may not want to hurt or upset others. • Our social and professional roles may make expressing some feelings inappropriate.

14. Ineffective Expression of Emotions • Speaking in generalities recognizes only a few of the many emotions that can be experienced. • Not owning feelings involves stating feelings in a way that disowns personal responsibility for the feeling. • Counterfeit emotional language seems to express emotions but does not actually describe what a person is feeling.

15. The Rational-Emotive Approach to Feelings Step 1 Monitor emotional reaction. Step 2 Identify commonalities in events and experiences that you respond to emotionally. Step 3 Tune into your self-talk; notice irrational beliefs and fallacies. Step 4 Use self-talk to dispute fallacies.

16. Common Fallacies About Emotions Perfectionism Unrealistically low self concept Stress Chronic dissatisfaction with self Jealousy and envy of others Obsession with shoulds Saps energy for constructive work Can make others defensive Can alienate self from feelings Unrealistic standards set the self up for failure Over- generalization Perceive one failure as typical of self Generalize inadequacies in some domains to total self

17. Common Fallacies About Emotions Taking responsibility for others Thinking you are responsible for others’ feelings Guilt for how others feel Deprives others of taking responsibility for selves Helplessness Believing that there is nothing you can do to change how you feel Resignation; depression Fear of catastrophic failure Extreme negative fantasies and scenarios of what could happen Inability to do things because of what might happen

18. Guidelines for Communicating Emotions Effectively • Identify your emotions. • Choose how to communicate your emotions. • Own your feelings. • Monitor your self-talk. • Respond sensitively when others communicate emotions.