Spins of supermassive black holes in quasars and galaxies

1. Spins of supermassive black holes in quasars and galaxies Jian-Min Wang (王建民) Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Dec 1, 2009, ITP

2. SMBH properties Physical BHs: mass, spin and charge Astrophysical SMBHs • Growth: accretion and mergers • Spins: accretion manner, mergers • Formation: high redshift • Duty cycle: activity, coevolution • Obscuration: unification scheme

3. Outline • Introduction: quasars and AGNs • Spins 1) Spins: measured from X-rays 2) Spins: measured from -rays 3) spins: cosmological evolution • Dual AGNs: gravitation wave • Conclusions • open questions

4. AGNs and Quasars: Introduction • Observations: spectra and classifications • Morphology • Theoretical model

5. Spectral classification

6. Obscured AGNs by IR observatiosn

7. NGC 1068

9. NGC 5548 (AGN) versus NGC 3277 (Normal)

10. Accretion disks: AGNs and Quasars

11. Coevolution of SMBH and galaxies

12. Quasar evolution

13. Measuring SMBH spins from X-rays

14. BH accretion disk • Release of Gravitational energy • Accretion rates hot corona ADAFs (advection-dominated accretion flows) • Geometry of Accretion

15. Measurements of SMBH spins from X-rays • Spectral shape • Last stable orbit: radiative efficiency a*: specific angular momentum Spectral shape + last stable orbit→a*

16. Reflection of X-rays from cold disk

17. Line profiles: affected by the Doppler shifts and gravity

18. Dependences of profiles on parameters(Fabian et al. 1989; Laor 1990) • Model parameters: orientation θ emissivity   R-β spins: a*

19. On orientation • a*=0.998, β=0.5

20. On spins

21. On β

22. ASCA observation of MCG 6-30-15(Tanaka, et al. 1995, Nature, 375, 659 )

23. XMM/Newton observations(Fabian et al. 2002, MNRAS, 335, L1)

24. Suzaku observations (Miniutti et al. 2007, PASJ, 59, S315)

25. 2 Spins of SMBHs from -rays: in M87(Wang et al. 2008, ApJ, 676, L109; Li, Y. et al. 2009, ApJ, 699, 513 ) M87: MBH=3.2 ×109M⊙; D=16Mpc M87

26. Conclusions: t ≤ 2 days; 2) Non-beaming effects

27. GLAST/Fermi observations(Abado et al. 2009, ApJ, 707, 55) -rays escaping from the central region

29. tQSO tgalaxy 3 Spins: cosmological evolution

31. Soltan (1982); Chokshi & Turner (1992); Yu & Tremaine (2002); Marconi et al. (2004):  =0.1 Main growth of SMBH is driven by accretion Understanding trigger of SMBHs: spins Wang et al. (2006;2008): duty cycle

32. Spin evolution: -equation(Wang, Hu et al. 2009, ApJ, 697, L141)

33. Properties and advantages: 1) only depends on observables 2) deep survey data for δ: up to redshift z 3) no need to compare with local BH mass density 4) Spin evolution

34. Bolometric luminosity function and density(Hopkins et al. 2007)

35. Mass function and BH density(Vestergaard et al. 2008; 2009)

36. Results Luminosity density Hopkins et al. (2007) SMBH density Vestergaard et al. (2009) Duty cycle

37. Cosmological evolution of SMBH spins King & Pringle (2007;2008): random accretion

38. Random accretion: spin-down

39. Evidence for random accretion • Schmidt (1997), Pringle (1998) jet/disk is randomly-orientated torus is randomly-orientated disk+torus+galaxy have random orientation. • Munoz Marin (2007)

40. Numerical simulations(Berti & Volonteri 2008) Pure mergers Merger+standard accretion Merger+random accretion What is driving the random accretion onto SMBH?

41. 4 Dual AGNs: gravitational wave(Wang et al. 2009, ApJ, 705, L76) Double peaked [O III] profile: T. Heckman (1980; 1981) Whittle (1985) • SDSS: Sloan Digital Sky Survey • 87 type 2 AGN sample • Measurements: redshifts • Properties?

42. KeplerRelation

43. Liu, Shen, Strauss et al. (2009, arXiv: 0908:2426)

44. Kepler relation Merritt & Ekers (2002)

45. Conclusions 1) fast spins: in MCG -6-30-15 and M87 2) strong evolution of SMBH spins: spin-down 3) merging galaxies: dual AGNs

46. Open questions • X-rays: more detailed and high energy solution • -rays: more observations • Spin evolution: co-evolution of SMBHs and galaxies • Mergers: major and minor mergers.

47. Thanks for Attention