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Understanding Molecular Interactions: Atoms, Bonds, and Biomolecules

Dive into the realm of molecular interactions, exploring atoms, ions, chemical bonds, biomolecules, and more. Learn about the structure of atoms, types of bonds, and the significance of ions and isotopes in biological systems. Discover the role of molecules and compounds in capturing and linking energy, and explore the diverse world of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides. Gain insights into the levels of organization in protein molecules and the function of different biomolecular groups. Explore the behavior of aqueous solutions, concentrations, and the essential role of hydrogen and Van der Waals interactions in biological processes.

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Understanding Molecular Interactions: Atoms, Bonds, and Biomolecules

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  1. Molecular Interactions 2

  2. About this Chapter • Atoms, ions, and molecules • Types of chemical bonds • Biomolecules • Solutions, concentrations, and pH • Protein interactions

  3. Atoms • Structure of an atom • Protons • Electrons • Neutrons • Nucleus • Electron orbitals or shells

  4. Elements • Essential • Trace • Atomic number • Atomic mass

  5. Isotopes • Isotopes vary in mass • Neutrons • Radioisotopes • Unstable nuclei • Emit energy  radiation • Medical uses as tracers

  6. Ions • Ions are charged atoms • Cations • Positively charged (+) • Anions • Negatively charged (-)

  7. Atoms, Elements, Ions, and Isotopes A map showing the relationship among atoms, elements, ions, and isotopes Figure 2-1

  8. Four Primary Roles of Electrons • Covalent bonds • Ions • High-energy electrons • Free radicals

  9. Molecules and Compounds • Bonds capture energy • Bonds link atoms • Molecules versus compounds

  10. Molecules and Compounds Shared electrons in the outer shells of atoms form covalent bonds Figure 2-2b

  11. Types of Chemical Bonds • Covalent • Polar versus nonpolar • Ionic • Hydrogen • Van der Waals Figure 2-3

  12. Covalent and Ionic Bonds • Covalent bonds • Share a pair of electrons • Ionic bonds • Transfer an electron • Opposite charges attract

  13. Covalent and Ionic Bonds Ions and ionic bonds Figure 2-4 (1 of 3)

  14. Covalent and Ionic Figure 2-4 (2 of 3)

  15. Covalent and Ionic Figure 2-4 (3 of 3)

  16. Ionic Bonds and Ions

  17. Hydrogen and Van der Waals • Hydrogen bonds • Weak and partial • Water surface tension • Van der Waals forces • Weak and nonspecific

  18. Hydrogen and Van der Waals Hydrogen bonds between water molecules Figure 2-5a

  19. Hydrogen and Van der Waals Figure 2-5b

  20. Molecular Shape and Function • Molecular bonds • Covalent • Weak • Chemical formula • Functional groups

  21. Molecular Shape and Function Chemical structures and formulas of some biological molecules Figure 2-6b

  22. Functional Groups • Direct reactivity of a molecule • Common examples in biosystems

  23. Functional Groups

  24. Types of Biomolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleotides and nucleic acids

  25. Carbohydrates • Most abundant • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Simple • Monosaccharides (glucose, ribose) • Complex • Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)

  26. Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (1 of 3)

  27. Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (2 of 3)

  28. Carbohydrates Figure 2-7 (3 of 3)

  29. Lipids • Carbon and hydrogen (little oxygen) • Structurally diverse • Eicosanoids • Steroids • Phospholipids • Triglycerides • Glycerol • Fatty acid chains • Saturated and unsaturated

  30. Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Figure 2-8 (1 of 5)

  31. Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Figure 2-8 (2 of 5)

  32. Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Figure 2-8 (3 of 5)

  33. Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Figure 2-8 (4 of 5)

  34. Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules Figure 2-8 (5 of 5)

  35. Proteins • Amino acids • Essential • Amino group • Acid group • Protein structure • Polypeptides • Primary through quaternary • Most versatile

  36. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (1 of 6)

  37. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (2 of 6)

  38. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (3 of 6)

  39. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (4 of 6)

  40. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (5 of 6)

  41. Levels of Organization in Protein Molecules Figure 2-9 (6 of 6)

  42. Proteins • Fibrous • Globular Figure 2-10

  43. Combination Biomolecules • Lipoproteins • Blood transport molecules • Glycoproteins • Membrane structure • Glycolipids • Membrane receptors

  44. Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA • Composition • Base, sugar, and phosphate(s) • Transmit and store • Information (genetic code) • Energy transfer molecules • ATP, cAMP, NAD, and FAD

  45. Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA Figure 2-12a–b

  46. Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA Figure 2-12c–d

  47. Aqueous Solutions • Aqueous • Water-based • Solution • Solute dissolves in solvent • Solubility • Ease of dissolving • Hydrophobic • Hydrophilic

  48. Aqueous Solubility Sodium chloride dissolves in water Figure 2-14

  49. Concentrations • Amount of solute in a solution • Mole • 6.02  1023 units of substance • Molarity • One mole in one liter • Equivalents • Molarity multiplied by charge

  50. Concentrations • Weight /volume • Grams solute/ml solvent • Volume/volume • Percent solution

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