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Chapter 6 Homes From the 18 th Century to Today. 19 th Century. The 19 th Century. The industrial Revolution swept America in the early 1800’s-this brought immigrants for work. They were paid low wages
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Chapter 6Homes From the 18th Century to Today 19th Century
The 19th Century • The industrial Revolution swept America in the early 1800’s-this brought immigrants for work. They were paid low wages • Tenements- apartment complexes with minimum standards pf sanitation, safety, and comfort, were built
Tenement Outhouse Row Outhouses Bathtub
Front Entrance Backyard
Front Entrance Tenement Hallway
The Romantic Period Greek Revival Style Gothic Revival Style
The Romantic Period • Influenced by European past • Greek Revival Style • 1825-1860– ending around the time of the Civil War • Plantation style homes were featured in this style
The Romantic Period cont’d • Greek Revival Style Characteristics • 2 story rectangular house with symmetrical placed windows • Gable roof emphasized by wide trim at the cornice • Pilasters on the corners of frame houses or across the whole front • An elaborate entrance- the door was usually surrounded by windows and may also have additional wood or masonry (stone or brick) framework
The Romantic Period cont’d • Greek Revival Style Characteristics • Columns supporting small or large porch
The Romantic Period cont’d • Gothic Revival Style • 1840-1880 • Designers used European features such as pointed arches and circular windows with ornamented carved stone • Many are made of wood because stone is very expensive and there was a shortage of stonemasons • Many were built with high peaked gothic gables with gingerbread- lacy-looking, cutout wood trim
The Romantic Period cont’d • Italianate Style • 1840-1885 • Italian villas or estates were reproduced • Square and two stories high • Wide overhanging hip roofs with decorative brackets, or supports, at the cornice • Long, narrow windows arched and crowned with an inverted U-shaped structure
The Victorian Period Mansard Style Queen Anne Style
The Victorian Period • Named for Queen Victoria who reigned in England from 1837-1901 • Detail in homes were very elaborate • Mansard and Queen Anne were styles that were popular
The Victorian Period cont’d • Mansard Style • Sometimes called the second Empire Style • Had French influence • Most popular during 1860-1880 • Most notable feature was the boxlike roof or a mansard roof- a roof that has two slopes on all sides, with lower slope being steep and the upper slope almost flat • Decorated cornices • French windows- long windows that open lengthwise at the middle • Dormer windows for the top story
Mansard Roof Mansard roof
The Victorian Period cont’d • Queen Anne Style • 1870-1880 • Wraparound porches with railings and columns • Many Queen Anne homes have a circular tower that extends the entire height of the house • May have spindle work or brackets and half-timbering • Decorative wood work
The End of the Victorian Period • Houses built at the end of the Victorian era were less elaborate • Architectural lines were cleaner and simpler • Homes for the wealthy were built on a larger scale • Common Victorian features were scaled down to smaller middle class homes
The End of the Victorian Period • Many people began living in apartments • The invention of the safety elevator meant that apartments could have many stories
Understanding Period Housing Styles • The 18th Century • Immigrants brought their new style of homes to the colonies or created new styles that adapted to the new land
The Georgian Period • Georgian Style • Named for the kings that were in power at that time George I, II, III • In England, Georgian homes were constructed of stone and brick.—Americans uses these materials when they were available but adapted when they weren’t
Georgian Period Cont’d • Georgian Style Characteristics • Formal, balanced design- homes were often 2 or 3 stories high • Hip roof- a roof with 4 sloped sides • Large symmetrically placed windows-windows had many small panes • The front door was the focal point of the house with many details. The door is typically framed by pilasters, which are decorative flattened columns
Georgian Period Cont’d • Georgian Style Characteristics • Doorway is topped with a pediment , a triangular or arched decoration, the door itself has decorative panels • A cornice is a decorative strip at the area where the roof and the wall meet. Georgian homes usually have a cornice if tooth-like molding • Central chimney at the end of each house • Contrasting materials are often used, red brick with white wood trim, other materials are often common
Georgian Period Cont’d • Georgian Style Inside • Molded ceiling covered wood beams • Wood paneling or wall paper • Ornate rectangular fireplace topped with mantel usually the focal point of the room • Usually built around a central hall with a wide staircase • The Georgian style was applied to row houses-a continuous line of 2 or 3 story houses that share a common wall with houses on either side
The Federal Period • In 1770’s the American attitude changed toward England • The colonist won the Revolutionary War • Ties to England were broken • There was a sense of renewed patriotism • They sought a new style that showed their new freedom and independence
The Federal Period • Named in honor of the new federal government of the United States • Adam Style • Named in honor of English architects Robert and James Adam- two brothers who took the Georgian style and added touches of Greece and Rome
The Federal Period Cont’d • Adam Style Home Characteristics • Rectangular design with one or more stories • Some homes have a center section with wings on either end • Gable roof- slopes of the roof generally face the front and the back of the house • A cornice extends across the front and the back of the house at the roofline
The Federal Period Cont’d • Adam Style Characteristics • Windows were symmetrical with many panes • They added a fanlight , an semicircular, round, or oval window with fan-shaped panes of glass over the door or in the pediment • Plasters and woodcarvings in classical designs on the walls and ceilings
