RED ALGA (RHODOPHYTES)

1. RED ALGA (RHODOPHYTES)

2. Red Algal Chloroplast (“Rhodoplast”)

3. Putative Origin of the Red Algal Chloroplast

4. Red Algal Chloroplast Flagella? NO!! Red Algal Spore Unicellular Red Alga: Porphyridium

5. Red Algal “Cell Wall” (Extracellular Matrix) Sulfated Polygalactans (e.g., Agar, Carrageenan) Galactose

6. Red Algal Connectivity: Pit Plugs

7. Red Algal Hormones “Rhodomorphin”

8. Physiology: Herbivory Inhibition Halogenated Terpenes Alkaloids

9. Red Algal Iridescence 1) Refraction of Light Mazzaella 2) Wave Interference

10. Red Algal Multinucleate Cells

11. Red Algal Polyploids

12. Putative Fossil Red Algae Bangiomorpha (1.2 BYA) (Arctic Canada Deposits)

13. Hypothesis of Rhodophyte Phylogeny 1

14. Hypothesis of Rhodophyte Phylogeny 2

15. Rhodophyte Form Diversity Porphyridium 1 4 Unicellular

16. Rhodophyte Form Diversity Uniseriate Callithamnion

17. Rhodophyte Form Diversity Bangia Ceramium Batrachospermum Uniseriate/Pleuriseriate Red Alga

18. Rhodophyte Diversity Pleuriseriate *Polysiphonia Pleuriseriate

19. Rhodophyte Diversity (Pseudoparenchyma) Chondrus Porphyra

20. Rhodophyte Form Diversity Pseudoparenchyma with Tissue Differentiation Medulla Cortex

21. Rhodophyte Diversity V Halosaccion Sac-Forming

22. Rhodophyte Diversity VI Lithothamnion Corallina Coralline

23. Rhodophyte Diversity Chondrus Parasitic

24. Rhodophyte Sexual Life Cycles (Alternation of Generations, Heteromorphic, Biphasic) Sporophyte (2n) Male Gametophyte (n) Porphyra Female Gametophyte (n)

25. Rhodophyte Sexual Life Cycles (Alternation of Generations, Heteromorphic, Triphasic) Carposporophyte (2n) Polysiphonia Gametophyte (n) Tetrasporophyte (2n)

26. Asexual Reproduction in Red Algae Spore Bangia Germinating Spore

27. Asexual Reproduction in Red Algae (?) Porphyridium

28. Economic Importance: “Nori”

29. Economic Importance of Red Algae Chondrus

30. Ecology: Keystone Species

31. Ecology: Rhodolith Beds Rhodolith = Dislodged Coralline Algae “Tumbleweeds of the Sea”

32. Ecology: Introduced, Invasive Species Acanthophora spicata

33. Ecology: Epiphytes / Hemiparasites Polysiphonia growing on Brown Algae (Hemiparasite) Smithora growing on Eelgrass (Epiphyte)

34. Ecology: Extreme Photosynthesis 10 Month Ice Submergence 210 m Deep Acidic (0.8-1.38 pH) Mine Drainage Hot Springs

35. Ecology: Primary Producers in Food Chain

36. Ecology: DMS (Dimethylsulfide) Emission Polysiphonia

37. 1 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/porphyridium.jpg 2 http://www.horta.uac.pt/Species/Algae/Corallina_elongata/ Corallina_elongata_a.JPG 3 http://www.staff.uni-marburg.de/~wenderot/%DCbungsfragen/ Batrachospermum%20vagum.JPG 4 http://departments.bloomu.edu/biology/pics/con2/Porphyridium1.jpg 5 http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/ algaevision/images/data/medium/banatr1a.jpg 7 http://departments.bloomu.edu/biology/pics/con2/Bangia2.jpg 8 http://www.nat.ku.dk/as/billeder/Rmk21-15cm.JPG 9 http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/ Callithamnion_baileyi_lb2306.jpg 10 http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/galleries/brightfield/polysiphonia.html

38. 11 http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/r/Porphyra.GIF 12 http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/r/Porphyra.GIF 13 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Rhodophyta/ PitPlugLMVisHue.jpg 14 http://www.specialtymicroscopes.com/images/specimen/016aab03- 016aaa100cz-porphyra.jpg 15 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg 16 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg 17 http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/BIOL332/PrimarySecon.jpg 18 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Rhodophyta/ RhodCplastEMC-M-Pueschel.jpg 19 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Rhodophyta/ RhodCplastStarchEMC-M-Pueschel.jpg

39. 20 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Rhodophyta/ rhodophyta2.htm&h=400&w=487&sz=116&hl=en&start=28&tbnid= 6NlwI_sr_mmeuM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Drhodophyta%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum %3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN 21 http://images.nationmaster.com/images/maps/zn-map.gif 22 http://static.flickr.com/81/206667219_3bb1a09dc8.jpg 23 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04fire/logs/april05/media /chemo_600.jpg 24 http://www.whrc.org/carbon/images/Flux_of_CarbonLG.gif 25 http://geology.uprm.edu/Morelock/GEOLOCN_/coast/south/pventa.jpg 26 http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/images/cold_clouds.jpg 27 http://www.daffa.gov.au/__data/assets/image/5745/asian_mussel.jpg 28 http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=5335

40. 29 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/img/assets/4262/HiFluoro_Pseudomonas_ Agar_Base_2.jpg 30 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/Agarose_Gel_ Electrophoresis.png 31 http://www.laurensveganjournal.org/pictures/Sushi.jpg 32 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Rhodophyta/Porphyra.gif 33 http://k53.pbase.com/o4/81/680181/1/63289574.KEWcyjab.P1100618.JPG 34 http://www.barryfarm.com/images/product/thickeners/agar.JPG 35 http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/pic.secondary-endo.jpg 36 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://us.st11.yimg.com/ us.st.yimg.com/I/ojaiphoto_1919_3703330&imgrefurl 37 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios101/Predation/img019.gif

41. 38 http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/49334/RedAlgaLifeCycle.gif 39 http://www.hermonslade.org.au/projects/HSF_05_9/HSF_05_9_image_03_full.jpg 40 http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/teaching/photos%20liste/ Corallina%20sp.JPG