Vienna 18-20 February 2008

1. HCFC Phase-out Seminar Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an Alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology Dr. Alaa Olama Vice Chairman, GasCool Vienna 18-20 February 2008

2. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology Contents 1.0- The theory of Absorption 2.0- Classification of Absorption systems 3.0- Absorption technology today 4.0- Is Absorption a viable alternative to HCFC based systems? 5.0- Summary table & points system 6.0- Refrigeration applications 7.0- Conclusions

3. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 1.0 The theory of Absorption - In an Absorption system, the electrical compressor is substituted with a thermo- chemical compression system. - Accordingly, a small amount of mechanical work is required, and a heat source drives the system.

4. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology POWER (kW) MECHANCIAL VAPOUR COMRESSION High Side Condenser E.D. Compressor Evaporator Low Side VAPOURABSORPTIONMACHINE Generator High Side HEAT (Q): Natural Gas Diesel Steam Hot Water Condenser E.D. Evaporator Low Side Absorber 1.1 Comparison between a V.A.S. & M.V.C.

5. As Lithium Bromide becomes dilute it loses its capacity to absorb water vapour. It thus needs to be re-concentrated using a heat source. Heat source may be Steam or Flue gases or even Hot water.

6. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 2.0 Classification of Absorption systems 2.1 Lithium Bromide-Water systems 2.2 Water-Ammonia systems - Both systems use water or ammonia as a refrigerant. Absorbents are Li.Br or water. - Two firing types are available: Direct fired or Indirect fired. - Lithium Bromide-water systems cannot be air cooled, water cooling is imperative. - Water-Ammonia systems can be air cooled or water cooled.

7. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 3.0 Absorption Technology today 3.1 Historical perspective

8. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 3.2 Absorption Refrigeration in the world Future Projection FIG. 18: The Future of Absorption Demand 2010 2005 Year 2000 1995 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 TR

9. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 20 68.8 180 860 60.2 900 2560 283 205 2050 USA China Japan Korea Rest USA China Japan Korea Rest 3.3 Absorption Refrigeration in the world World Absorption Chiller Market Absorption ≧100RT By Amount (M U$) Total $637 M By Qty Total 6550 units

10. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 3.4 Absorption Market (by Qty)Excluding Japan, China, Korea, USA Country Qty 20 Taiwan Singapore 5 Indonesia 10 Thailand 50 20 Malaysia 120 Pakistan 150 Iran 20 Egypt 10 Hungary 10 Bulgaria 100 Italy 20 Brazil 315 India 10 Turky

11. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 4.0 Is Absorption a viable alternative to HCFC based systems? 4.1 Refrigeration capacities available 4.2 Technical suitability & applicability 4.3 Indicative prices of Absorption systems 4.4 Absorption systems operating costs & services including energy consumption 4.5 Environmental impact (Ozone depletion & global warming) 4.6 Safety issues 4.7 Technological, design & equipment changes required for conversion

12. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 4.1 Refrigeration capacities available: Absorption Systems LiBr – H20 H2O – NH3 Direct fired Direct fired Indirect fired Indirect fired Water Cooled Air Cooled NotIncorporating a CT Modular Production Incorporating a CT Modular Production Custom made Modular Production Modular Production 280-7000 kW (80-2000TR) 100-4,200kW (30-1200TR) 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR 700- 35,000 kW (200-10,000TR) 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR Cat. I Cat. II Cat. III Cat. IV Cat. V

13. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology 4.1 Refrigeration capacities available (Cont.): There are five capacity categories of Absorption units available: Cat. 1 H2O-NH3 17-100 kW ( 5 to 30 TR ) Cat. 2 H2O-NH3 700-35,000 kW (200 to 10,000 TR) Cat. 3 LiBr-H2O 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR ) Cat. 4 LiBr-H2O 17-100 kW (5 to 30 TR ) Cat. 5 LiBr-H2 280-7,000 kW ( 80 to 2,000 TR )

14. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology

15. Current Status of Absorption Refrigeration Technology as an alternative to HCFC based Mechanical Vapour Compression Technology