Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Qualitative Data Analysis

2. Types of Input • Analysing data from; • Interviews • Questionnaire (open-ended questions) • Also ; • Laddering • Card sorting • Repertory grids

3. Action Research & Participatory Action Research

4. Action Research versus Participatory Action Research • Focuses on the effects of the researcher's direct actions within a participatory community with the goal of improving the performance quality of the community or an area of concern. • Difference Or Extension? • Context – Developing world issues versus Developed world issues?

5. Mind Map

6. Ethnography

7. Ethnography - background • What is Anthropology? • It is the comparative study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships.

8. Ethnography - background • What is Cultural Anthropology? • It is one of four fields of anthropology which has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept; it is also the branch of anthropology that studies cultural variation among humans.

9. Ethnography • It is two things • The fundamental research method of cultural anthropology. • It is the genre of writing that presents descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork; or, the written text produced to report ethnographic research results.

10. Ethnography • Whilst living among the people, ethnographers engage in participant observation. • This means that they participate, as much as possible, in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies and rituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) while also carefully observing everything they can about it.

11. Ethnography • Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called an emic perspective, or the native's point(s) of view without imposing their own conceptual frameworks. • The emic perspective is quite different from the etic perspective which is the outsider's view on local life.

12. Ethnography • Through the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailed fieldnotes, conduct interviews based on open-ended questions, and gather whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data. • This data is then recorded in the database.

13. Ethnomethodology

14. Ethnomethodology • “The study of how people use commonsense understandings to get through everyday life ” • These understandings shape our assumptions about social Interactions • In a conversation between two people there are many things that are understood than are actually mentioned.

15. Ethnomethodology • What are social problems? • Damaging conditions resulting in harm to people or society. • Things are seen, judged, and defined to be problems, i.e. What people THINK they are.

16. Ethnomethodology • Tacit interpretation – culture, teaching, understanding, experiences. • Explicit Truth – misinterpretations, misunderstanding.

17. Ethnomethodology • Example: Girl called Anna, unplanned pregnancy, 21 years old, still in school. • Good or Bad?

18. Ethnomethodology • What if …….? • Anna is an outstanding student, is the sole heiress to a multi-billion dollar business, has the full support of her parents, and will be finished school early into the pregnancy?

19. Ethnomethodology • Anna Anisimova • Daughter of Russian metals magnate Vassily Anisimov • Worth $1.3 billion

20. Ethnomethodology • We make assumptions based on our tacit interpretation of the world around us. • We can apply methods to research in order to apply a “neutral” analysis to the subject. • This has been done in HCI to study descriptions of how the users interact with systems, rather than what the system needed to do?

21. Ethnomethodology – (Varieties) • 1. The organization of practical actions and practical reasoning. Including • 2. The organization of conversation analysis. • 3. Talk-in-interaction within institutional or organizational settings. Identify interactional structures that are specific to particular settings. • 4. The study of social activity. The analytic interest is in how that work is accomplished within the setting in which it is performed. • 5. The haecceity of work. Just what makes an activity what it is? E.g. what makes a test a test, a competition a competition, or a definition a definition?

22. Phenomenography

23. JA, ich liebe Logical Investigations 1900 Da Fan Club Martin Heidegger Jean-Paul Sartre Edmund Husserl + = Appearance Description Phenomenography Maurice Merleau-Ponty Graphein Phainomenon Das ist Phenomenography 1954 Plato or Bust Ulrich Sonnemann

24. In other words… • Phenomenography, a descriptive recording of immediate subjective experience as reported, for example, by a person under psychiatric examination, without questioning the share in such a communication of the ego. (Sonnemann, 1954 )

25. What's it all About? • Empirical research Based on observation and experience • Applied factors – Intelligence, Motivation, Effort, past and present surroundings, experiences, experiences and individual character traits

26. Grounded Theory

27. What is Grounded theory? • "Grounded theory methods are a set of flexible analytic guidelines that enable researchers to focus their data collection and to build inductive middle-range theories through successive levels of data analysis and conceptual development"Charmaz, K. (2005)

28. What is Grounded theory? • The phrase "grounded theory" refers to theory that is developed inductively from a corpus of data. If done well, this means that the resulting theory at least fits one dataset perfectly. This contrasts with theory derived deductively from grand theory, without the help of data, and which could therefore turn out to fit no data at all - Steve Borgatti

29. Grounded Theory • Emphasis on empirical material as basis for conceptualization. • Gathering reach empirical material from a variety of sources. • Open data collection • Recording data systematically • the emphasis is on exploring the nuances of the data by constantly asking, 'of what is this an example?' • Develop dense and grouded concepts and categories

30. Example - Data Analysis • Identify ‘critical instances’ -highlight key passages of transcripts. • ‘Open coding’ - assign passages to categories (i.e. abstract conceptual labels). Work through all transcripts and collect numerous illustrative quotes to ‘saturate’ categories. • ‘Axial coding’ - refine initial list of categories. Delete and amalgamate some. Make connections between the categories and define their properties e.g. context, pre-conditions. These are sub-categories. • ‘Selective coding’ - identify a core category and themes from which theory will derive.

31. Research Design • Five components of research design: • A study's questions • Its propositions, if any • Its unit(s) of analysis • The logic linking the data to the propositions • The criteria for interpreting the findings

32. Strengths and Weaknesses • Suitable for diagrammatic representation? • Complex terminology. • Time-consuming, requires concentration but can adapt a ‘quick-and-dirty’ version. • Reductionist - complexity of raw data overcome by reducing it to the status of variables. • Does not lead to any surprising findings. Theory is inductively built up from data collected so cannot contain anything new. Uncovers a pre-existing reality similar to positivism / realism. • Idea that there is a ‘core’ category which explains all. • Issues of generalisation

33. Nothing taken for granted? • What does it mean, that some people are better at learning than others? • Why are some people better at learning than others?

34. Q Methodology

35. Q Methodology • The name "Q" comes from the form of factor analysis that is used to analyze the data. Normal factor analysis, called "R method," involves finding correlations between variables (say, height and age) across a sample of subjects. Q, on the other hand, looks for correlations between subjects across a sample of variables. Q factor analysis reduces the many individual viewpoints of the subjects down to a few "factors," which represent shared ways of thinking.