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World War II

This article explores the causes and start of World War II, focusing on Japan's invasions of Manchuria and China, as well as Germany's violations of international treaties. It discusses the need for resources, the rise of conservative leaders, and the condemnation by the League of Nations and the USA.

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World War II

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  1. World War II

  2. Part I: The Causes and Start of the War

  3. Causes and Start of the War:Japan • Japan Invaded Manchuria in 1931 • Why • Japan needed more natural resources (______________________) • __________________ hit Japan hard! • More conservative leaders of the government and military becoming powerful influences in society (and with the Emperor, Hirohito) • How - _____________________ • Japan controlled a railway system in Manchuria • _______________________________________________________ • Japanese government claimed that Chinese nationalists were to blame – sent in army to “protect its interests in Manchuria” • Manchuria made into a puppet state of Japan • Renamed ______________________ • Puppet leader – _________________________________________

  4. Causes and Start of the War:Japan • Japan condemned for actions: • League of Nations – investigated the events in Manchuria and concluded that Japan was at fault • _______________________________________________________ • USA – also condemned Japanese actions and refused to recognize the existence of Manchukuo

  5. Causes and Start of the War:Japan • Japan Invaded China in 1937 • Why – China would provide resources as well as a way to move into SE Asia and parts of Russia to take them over • Japanese forces quickly took major population centers (______________________) and Northeastern China • Japanese forces committed atrocities on Chinese people • Chinese not able to fight back – conflict between Communists (led by ____________) and Nationalists (led by ________________) • Actions again (weakly) condemned by __________________ __________________________

  6. Causes and Start of the War:Japan • Japan targeted SE Asia Next • USA warned Japanese that it would impose economic sanctions if it moved troops into SE Asia and if Japan did not withdraw from China and Manchuria • USA still a little angry over the sinking of one of its ships by Japanese in 1937 and thinks that Japan is too aggressive • USA was Japan’s Major supplier of ___________________ – these sanctions would hurt Japan! • Japanese felt that USA was a roadblock to the success of Japanese expansion • Late 1940 – Mid 1941 – Japan invaded French Indochina • USA hits Japan with sanctions • Stops selling ________________ to Japan • ________________________________ • December 1941 – Japanese Naval attacks on ________ _____________________________________________

  7. Causes and Start of the War:Italy • Mussolini ordered the invasion of _______ in October 1935 • ________________________ did nothing! • ________________________ did nothing!

  8. Causes and Start of the War:Germany • Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! • March 1935 – Military build-up • ______________________________________ • ____________ • Hitler only warned by Britain, France, and Italy • March 1936 – Hitler ordered troops to occupy the ___________ • France did nothing • Britain began policy of _________________ • 1936 – Treaties with other powers: • _________________________________________ • Hitler had supported Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 • Both Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco in ______________________ • __________________________________ – anti-USSR/Communism agreement

  9. Causes and Start of the War:Germany • Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! • March 1938 – ________________________________ • Austrian Chancellor forced to appoint Austrian Nazis to positions in Austrian Government • _________________ assassinated by Nazi agents and action blamed on foreign agents • This was used as a pretense for Austrian Nazis to “appeal to Germany for help against the foreign agents” • German Army moved into Austria on ___________________ • Austria Annexed on the next day

  10. Causes and Start of the War:Germany • Hitler Violated the Treaty of Versailles Repeatedly between 1935 – 1938 with Nobody Stopping Him! • September 1938 – ____________________________________ _________________________________________ • Hitler made an ultimatum to the Czechoslovakian government that he would risk “world war” to allow the German people of the Sudetenland to join with Germany • A peace conference was arranged by ________________________ ___________ to solve the crisis • The Conference took place in Munich • _________________________________________________________ participated • The Agreement: • Sudetenland  Germany • _____________________________________________________ _________________________________ • Sovereignty of Czechoslovakia would be upheld

  11. Causes and Start of the War:Germany • March 1939 • Hitler sent troops into Czechoslovakia • _______________________________________ • _______________________________________ • Mussolini sent troops into _______________ • Hitler forced _____________ to give up the German-speaking city of Memel to Germany • Hitler made it known that he wanted to annex the Polish Corridor and the city of Danzig • _______________ vowed to declare war against Germany if they attacked Poland • _________________ attempted to make an alliance with the USSR (but did not because Stalin wanted territory, too)

  12. Causes and Start of the War:Germany • August 1939 – Hitler and Stalin sign the ______ _________________________________ • Germany and USSR promise not to attack each other and remain neutral if either side gets involved in a war • Germany promised ___________________________ ____________________________________ • USSR promised ______________________________ __________________________ • Poland Invaded on September 1, 1939 – _______________________________ • Britain and France declared war on September 3, 1939

  13. Part II: The Course of the War

  14. The War in Europe and North Africa • September 1939 – April 1940: “Phony War” • ________________________________________ • April 9, 1940: German Blitzkrieg invasions of _________ ______________________ • May 1940: Blitzkrieg invasions of ___________________ ______________________________ • Allies caught off-guard and armies forced into the town of Dunkirk • For some (unexplained) reason German advance halts temporarily  ___________________________________________ • __________________ became the new Prime Minister of Britain • June 22, 1940: France Surrendered to Germany • Northern France annexed by Germany • Southern France (and French North Africa)  _______________ ____________________________________________________

  15. The War in Europe and North Africa • 1940: USA out of War but Helps a Little: • ___________________________________ – ways to lend and/or give Britain war materials • August 1940: _____________ signed by Churchill and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt – pledge to work against “Nazi Tyranny” • August - September 1940: The Battle of Britain • The Plan = air superiority over Britain  Invasion of Britain (____________________) • Early stages – German attacks on British air defenses and dogfighting between _________________________ • Later – nightly bombing of London and other British cities to weaken British Spirits • _______________________

  16. The War in Europe and North Africa • Italy got involved unsuccessfully… • In Southern Europe • October 1940: _______________________________ • _____________________ forces stopped Italian troops • ____________________________ taken by Germany by 1941 • Germany sent troops into ________ and conquered it (and _________________) by April, 1941 • In Northern Africa • December 1940: ___________________________________ ___________________ • German tank commander ___________________________ and his Afrika Korps sent in by Hitler • Afrika Korps pushed British army back into ______________

  17. The War in Europe and North Africa • June 22, 1941 – Germany invaded ___________ ____________________________ • Within a few months, this massive invasion had almost destroyed the ______________ and had taken over about _____________________________ • _______________________________ under siege • Stalin orders a _______________________________ • The Winter then set in • Poor Planning – ___________________________________ • Soviet Counteroffensive in December 1941 • By the Summer of 1942 the Germans again were on the offensive in the Soviet Union

  18. The War in Europe and North Africa • The Turning Points of the European and North African Part of the War • In North Africa • July 1942: British westward counteroffensive launched after ______________________ and his troops beat the Afrika Korps at ________________ • November 1942: _______________ – US and Free French Armies invaded Morocco and Algeria and began a campaign moving eastward • In the Soviet Union • August 1942 – February 1943 – _______________ _________________________________________ __________________________

  19. The War in Europe and North Africa • January 1943: ___________________________ • Churchill, Roosevelt and DeGaulle decide to attack __________ (“The soft underbelly” of the Axis) next • July 1943: Invasion of Italy began • August 1943: ______________________________ • September 3, 1943: • Allies move into the Italian Peninsula • Italy Surrenders to Allies • ______________________ “fires” Mussolini and imprisons him • ____________________ became the new Prime Minister • Italy joined the Allied side, but the Germans then quickly occupied most of the Italian peninsula • Mussolini freed by a German commando raid and set up as a puppet dictator of German-controlled Northern Italy

  20. The War in Europe and North Africa • November 1943: Two more conferences • _____________________________ • Churchill and Roosevelt met with Jiang Jeishi (leader of the Nationalist Government of China) • Promised to help ___________________________________ ___________________________ • Promised to preserve Nationalist control of China and elevate it to a global power after the War • ___________________________ • Churchill and Roosevelt met with Stalin • The Plan • ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ • Once Germany eliminated, then USSR would declare war on Japan

  21. The War in Europe and North Africa • By June of 1944: _______________________ • Operation Overlord • Spring 1944: ______________________________ • June 6, 1944: _____________________________ • June – August 1944: Allied troops move into the interior of France • August 25, 1944: ____________________________ • August 1944 – March 1945: Offensive moved into Germany • Allied advance temporarily halted by a desperate counteroffensive by the Germans = ____________________ • Meanwhile, the Soviet Army was “liberating” eastern Europe from Nazi occupation as well

  22. The War in Europe and North Africa • March 1945: • Allied armies advancing on Germany from both West (British, French, USA) and East (Soviets) • _________________________________________ • Hitler killed himself in his Berlin bunker on April 30, 1945 • ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ • Soviet and Allied Troops met at Elbe River • Remaining German authorities surrendered on ___ _________________________________________

  23. The War in The Pacific • December 7, 1941: Japanese Attack on US Pacific Fleet Headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • USA declared war on Japan on December 8 • ______________________________________________________ • December 1941 – Spring 1942: Japan took over other parts of SE Asia and Pacific Islands • ____________________________________________________ ______, Several Island groups in the Pacific put under Japanese control • Thailand was forced into an alliance with Japan • More Chinese territory taken, too • ____________________________ – Japan wanted to make it look like they were helping these people escape colonialism • Instead, Japan became the new colonizer

  24. The War in The Pacific • The Turning Points • May 7-8, 1942: ____________________________ • Invasion of Australia prevented • First Naval battle in the history of naval warfare not fought directly by ships, but by aircraft launched by ships! • June 4, 1942: _____________________________ • 4 Japanese aircraft carriers sunk • Allied Navy gained naval superiority over Japan • Fall 1942 – September 1944: 2 Major Operations • “Island Hopping” to take islands back, eventually take Burma back, and then move into South China • _____________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________ _______________________________ • Another “island hopping” campaign to take islands in succession to move within bombing range of Japan itself • August 1942 – January 1943: ________________ • November 1943: _____________ • February 1944: __________________ • Summer 1944: ________________________ • September 1944: _____________

  25. The War in The Pacific • February 1945: • _________________________ • _________________________ • March 1945: Tokyo Firebombed • April 1945: Okinawa taken by Allies • July 1945: _________________________ • Stalin met with two new leaders • USA – __________________________ • GB – ________________________ • Major Decision – the unconditional surrender of Japan

  26. The War in The Pacific • The Dilemma: • Japan Refused Surrender – What to do? • _____________________ – would probably result in millions of deaths of soldiers (on both sides) and civilians • ______________________________________ – technology largely untested • Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan • August 6, 1945: ___________________ • Still no surrender • August 9, 1945: ___________________ • Japan Surrendered on August 14 • Formal Surrender/Peace Treaty Signed on the _________________________ on September 2 (“V-J Day”)

  27. Part III: How War Affected People

  28. Examples of The War at Home: • In the Soviet Union • USSR invaded • Soviets called WWII __________________________________ • Caused huge resource shortages – some people had to eat mice or pets • Huge Military and Industrial Mobilization – _________________________ • Women played a significant part in both industry and the military (as soldiers and pilots) • In The USA • Never ________________________________________ • Massive economic mobilization • _______________________________________ • _______________________________________ • Demographic changes • Racial Tensions • _______________________________________ • Japanese-Americans Put into Concentration Camps (NOT Death Camps)

  29. Examples of The War at Home: • In Nazi Germany • At first, no need to increase production (stuff taken from conquered countries) • Later, after War’s turning points, production had to increase a lot • Women ________________________________________________ • Civilians had to deal with repeated bombing campaigns by Allies • Firebombing of ________________________were very devastating • In Japan • Traditional roles of people upheld (under guidance of Prime Minister ___________________) • People honored Emperor and obeyed him and government totally • This should explain Kamikaze pilots’ actions! • Women _______________________________________________ • When Production was to be boosted  Koreans and Chinese people used as slave laborers!

  30. Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: • German Racially-Based Policies • ______________________“Aryan” countries (Holland, Denmark, Norway, Slovakia) – Civilian governments run by Nazi sympathizers from these countries • e.g. Vikdun Quisling in Norway • _________________________ in conquered areas that had “inferior” races (like France) • Policies for “undesirable” races: • _________________________ • _________________________ • The Holocaust/”Final Solution” = genocide

  31. Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: • German Racially-Based Policies • Policies for “undesirable” races: • The Holocaust/”Final Solution” = genocide • Jews put into ghettos in German and German-conquered cities • ____________________– death squads who rounded up Jews in the USSR during the German invasion • Forced Jews to dig their own mass graves and then shot them • Concentration/Death Camps • Jews, Gypsies, Slavs (Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, etc.) homosexuals, and people with physical and mental disabilities systematically sent to these camps in railroad freight cars • _______________________________________________ • Some people used as slave laborers • Most others executed in gas chambers and _______________________________________________

  32. Atrocities Committed by the Axis Powers: • Japanese Policies • Colonies promised independence under Japanese Authority, but in reality each was controlled by a Japanese military colonial government • Native Peoples _______________________________ • Japan took ___________________from the colonies to fuel their war efforts • Promotion of Japanese values and subordination of native customs that got in the way of the Japanese values • Many Chinese and Korean peoples and Allied prisoners of war ______________________________ • “The Rape of Nanking [Nanjing]”

  33. Part IV: Major Effects of the War and the Beginning of the Cold War

  34. Major Effects of the War • ____________________people dead! • War Crimes Trials for Axis authorities • Most Famous ones = ___________________________________ • Origins of the Cold War: • ______________of February 1945 (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in the USSR right before Germany Surrendered) • Germany to be divided into 4 zones of occupation • Divisions become the basis for the creation of ______________________________________________________ • Soviets allowed to control the eastern part of Poland, but Poland would be recreated from some parts of German territory • Eastern Europe Liberated by USSR – Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe • Stalin did not keep his promise from the Yalta Conference about free elections and the USSR set up puppet governments there • Threat of ___________________________________________

  35. Major Effects of the War • Major Changes in Japan • Political: • Emperor forced to _____________________ • Diet  completely representative democratic body • _____________________________________ • Japan not allowed to have a military (and still is not to this day!) • Economic • more privatization of ______________________ • Foreign (mostly US) aid helps Japan quickly recover and become a major economic powerhouse

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