Practice

1. Practice

2. What are the four statements that explain what natural selection is?

3. Individuals in a population vary • Many of these variations are heritable • Populations can reproduce more than the environment can hold, so there is competition. • Due to natural variation in the environment, some organisms are able to pass on their genes more often (Differential Reproductive Success)

4. Place these in order from first to happen to last. • First land plants • First land animals • First eukaryotic cells • First oxygen in the atmosphere • First aquatic animals • First prokaryotic cells • First birds • First amphibians

5. First prokaryotic cells • First oxygen in the atmosphere • First eukaryotic cells • First aquatic animals • First land plants • First land animals • First reptiles • First birds

6. List and explain the four examples of evolution from the course pack.

7. Insect resistance: As pesticides were released the insects that were resistant were reproductively more successful. • Antibiotic resistance: As antibiotics are used the microbes that are resistant pass on their resistance due to being reproductively more successful. • Lizards on islands evolved quickly to differentiate from mainland especially if the habitat was different. • Industrial melanism: moths had differential reproductive success as the environment changed.

8. Why did the masked booby allow one of its chicks to die?

9. The mother would not do well if it had to feed two chicks. • Having two chicks insures that one will make it to the next year. • One chick per year for many years is the most reproductively successful behavior.

10. List five pieces of information about Charles Darwin.

11. Tried medicine • Rich • Majored in theology • Ship’s naturalist • Visited Galapagos • HMS beagle • Waited 20 years • Copublished with Wallace • Wrote “On the Origins of Species”

12. Define species and population

13. Species: a group of organisms that look similar, can mate, and produce fertile offspring. • Population: a group of members of the same species in a specified area with gene flow between the members so they evolve as a group.

14. What are the steps that occur for allopatric speciation to occur?

15. One population must be geographically isolated (river, road, city, mountain, body of water) • The two separated populations must have time to evolve independently. • A reproductive isolation event must occur (different mating dance, gametes change) • Two organisms from the original population must not be able to mate and produce fertile offspring.

16. Hardy Weinberg • What are the five conditions that need to be met for a hardy-weinberg population to exist?

17. Sufficiently large population to avoid genetic drift • No differential migration • Random mating must occur • No mutation • No natural selection

18. A group of birds are in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the trait of color where Blue is incompletely dominant over yellow. What are the allele frequencies if 32% of the birds are green and the percentage of blue birds is 16 times as great at the percentage of yellow birds.

19. 2pq = 32% • p2 = 16q2 • p2 + q2 = .68 • 16q2 + q2 = .68 • 17q2 = .68 • q2 = .04 • q = .2 • p =.8

20. What type of structures are the following example? • Whale streamlined shape and eel streamlined shape • Butterfly wings and bird wings • Flippers of a seal and arms of a human • Legs inside a snake’s body • Monkey fur and a peaches fuzz

21. Analogous • Analogous • Homologous • Vestigial • analogous