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The Biblical Roots of Liturgy II: The Eucharist in the New Testament

The Biblical Roots of Liturgy II: The Eucharist in the New Testament. OLM Liturgy and Sacraments Fr. Llane Briese. Key OT Elements. Creation and Reconciliation The Structure of OT Prayers: Anamnesis Epiclesis Other Key Elements: Preface (Blessing God for something in particular)

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The Biblical Roots of Liturgy II: The Eucharist in the New Testament

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  1. The Biblical Roots of Liturgy II:The Eucharist in the New Testament OLM Liturgy and Sacraments Fr. Llane Briese

  2. Key OT Elements • Creation and Reconciliation • The Structure of OT Prayers: • Anamnesis • Epiclesis • Other Key Elements: • Preface (Blessing God for something in particular) • Use of a Citation from Prior Biblical Tradition • Passover of Key Moment in OT • New Testament Passover

  3. Really Important Terms • Anamnesis • Epiclesis • Prophetic Sign • Founding Event • Ritual Re-presentation • Memorial • Order to Repeat • Type (typus) • Antitype (antitypus)

  4. The Passover in NT Times How Jesus Would Have Celebrated the Passover

  5. Overview • Main Source: Mishna (2nd century A.D. but referring to earlier oral tradition) • By Jesus’ time, the Passover celebration was linked to the Jerusalem Temple, largely due to the centralization in Jewish worship under Josiah. • Lambs slaughtered in the Temple on Preparation Day (Temple Rite) • Each family had their own home celebration of the Passover in which the lamb was eaten (Domestic Rite) • Also included blessings with a “cup of salvation” (Ps 116; 1Cor 10:16) • The Rite is quite regimented!

  6. Four Main Parts of the Passover • Part One: Introductory Rite • Part Two: Passover Proclamation and Meal • Question and the Retelling of the Escape from Egypt • Part Three: Blessing After the Meal • Structured Much Like Other OT Prayers: • Introductory Dialogue • Anamnetic Section with Citation (Embolism) of Dt 8:10: “And you will eat and be satisfied and bless the LORD your God for the good land that he is giving you.” • Epicletic Section • Part Four: Concluding Rite

  7. The Synoptic Gospels and Paul Foreshadowing and the Last Supper

  8. Foreshadowing & Other References • The Infancy Narratives: • As an infant, Jesus is placed in a manger. (Lk 2) • Born in Bethlehem (Heb. “house of bread) • The Feedings of the Crowds: • Mk 6:34-44 // Mt 14:13-21: The Feeding of the Five Thousand (a Jewish crowd) • Mk 8:1-10 // Mt 15:32-39: The Feeding of the Four Thousand (a Gentile crowd) • Lk 9:10-17: The Feeding of the Five Thousand (only one in Lk) • VIP: The Verbs! • The Road to Emmaus: Lk 24:13-35 • The “Breaking of the Bread” in Acts: 2:42-46; 20:7 • “Our Passover Lamb, Christ, Has Been Sacrificed”: 1Cor 5:7

  9. Key Elements of the Last Supper Narratives • The Synoptic Accounts are clear in indicating that the Last Supper is a Passover Meal. • Evening (Mt 26:20, Mk 14:17) • Reclining at Table (Lk 22:14) • With the Twelve (Mt 26:20, Mk 14:17,20) • Dipping in the Dish (Mk 14:20) (intinction of the bitter herb in the vinegar/salt water) • Singing a Hymn: HallelPsalms 115-118,136 at end of meal. • Bread: A Necessary Element to Remember the Exodus (unleavened bread) • Wine: Carries connotations of both joy and blood (Gen 49:11: “blood of grapes”)

  10. The Institution Narrative • 5 Verbs: • “He took bread / wine …” • Two kinds of fruit: earth (bread) and plant (wine) • “He blessed / gave thanks …” • These two concepts were somewhat interchangeable in early Christian times. • “He broke …” • “He gave …” • “He said, ‘Take and eat/drink …” • St. Justin: “Eucharized food/elements”

  11. The Words of Institution • “This is my body which will be given up for you.” • “This is my blood of the covenant … (or: “the new covenant in my blood”) • “… which will be shed for many.” • “Do this in memory of me.” (Order to Repeat) • Institutes a ritual re-presentation of a founding event which brings us into koinonia with the body and blood of Christ (cf. 1Cor 10:16) • Relationship between anamnesisand order to repeat.

  12. The Role of the Institution Narrative in the Eucharistic Prayers • The institution narrative is the heart of the Eucharistic Prayer because it references the prophetic sign which announced the founding event that it perpetuates by the order to repeat. • CCC 1353: “In the institution narrative, the power of the words and the action of Christ, and the power of the Holy Spirit, make sacramentally present under the species of bread and wine Christ’s body and blood, his sacrifice offered on the cross once for all.” (See also CCC 1357.)

  13. Pope Benedict XVI on the Institution Narrative • Jesus of Nazareth, II. Holy Week (2011): • “We should not suppose for a moment that the ‘Lord’s Supper’ ever consisted simply of reciting the words of consecration. From the time of Jesus himself, these words have always been a part of his berakah, his prayer of praise and thanksgiving.” (p. 140) • “[F]rom Jesus’ words of thanksgiving, which gave a new focus to the Jewish berakah, we see the new thanksgiving prayer, the eucharistia, gradually emerging as the definitive form, the liturgical shape that gives the words of institution their meaning.” (p. 141)

  14. The Johannine Tradition Rich and Subtle

  15. Background on the Gospel of John • Outline of the Gospel: • 1:1-18: The Prologue • 1:19–12:50: The Book of Signs • Ch. 13-19: The Book of Glory (the “Hour”) • Ch. 20-21: The Resurrection/Epilogue • Structures around Jewish Feasts (3 Passovers): • Jn 1:36: “Behold the Lamb of God.” • Passover #1: Jn 2:13-25 (Cleansing of the Temple) • “Destroy this Temple … But he was speaking about the Temple of his Body.” • Passover #2: Jn 6 (The Bread of Life Discourse) • Passover #3: Jn 13-19 (The Book of Glory) • Jesus slaughtered at noon on Preparation Day. (Jn 19:14-16a)

  16. The Passover Lamb in John • John 1:29: 29 The next day [John the Baptist] saw Jesus coming toward him and said, "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.” • Jn 19:14-16a: At noon, the priests in the Temple began slaughtering the Passover lambs, and the crowd slaughtered the Passover Lamb of God. • Jn 19:36: “Not a bone of it will be broken.” • John emphasizes Jesus as the true Passover Lamb who replaces the Passover Lambs of the OT ritual. (Johannine Theology of Replacement) • John and the Synoptics exist in harmony, mutually reinforcing each other theologically.

  17. The Lamb Enthroned: Revelation • Revelation written by John of Patmos (dispute on his identity/connection with John the Evangelist), but the two writing share similar themes. • Rev 3:20: “Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, [then] I will enter his house and dine with him, and he with me.” • Rev 5:6: “ Then I saw standing in the midst of the throne and the four living creatures and the elders, a Lamb that seemed to have been slain.”

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