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Vietnam: America's Longest War

Vietnam: America's Longest War. The Wall The Place 1 st Indochinese War Phase 1 (1945 – 1954) Phase 2 (1954 – 1961) Phase 3 (1961 – 1963) Phase 4 (1963 – 1968) Phase 5 (1968) Phase 6 (1969 – 1970) Phase 7 (1971 - 1973). The Place. Where What Who. Where. Southeast Asia

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Vietnam: America's Longest War

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  1. Vietnam: America's Longest War • The Wall • The Place • 1st Indochinese War • Phase 1 (1945 – 1954) • Phase 2 (1954 – 1961) • Phase 3 (1961 – 1963) • Phase 4 (1963 – 1968) • Phase 5 (1968) • Phase 6 (1969 – 1970) • Phase 7 (1971 - 1973)

  2. The Place Where What Who

  3. Where Southeast Asia Bordered by: • China • Myanmar (Burma) • Thailand (Siam)

  4. What Indochina French colony Several ethnic groups • Viet • Khmer • Lao

  5. Lao Lao “Dog” Khmer = Jakay Lao = ma Vietic= chó

  6. Race Inherited (examples: hair, skin, body) Race Ethnicity Ethnicity Ethnicity • Ethnicity Acquired • (examples: language, religion, dress, food, traditions, customs)

  7. Who Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese Nationalist wanted __ to govern __ educated in Europe studied Karl Marx

  8. Nationalism • Love of… • ethnic group • Desire for… • homogenous nation • Achieved by… • self-determination

  9. Marxist: “History” is the result of class struggle Communist: class struggle is bad & could be eliminated in a communist society America’s Cold War Perception of Communism Communism: a godless, classless ideology … orchestrated by the Soviet Union … dedicated to overthrowing the United States. Trotskyist: A small group of undemocratic, professional revolutionaries must establish communism – globally Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional revolutionaries must establish communism – locally

  10. WWII Dien Bien Phu 1st Indochinese War, 1946 - 1954 …Some were not… Comm. 3:40 Nat. 1863 - 1942 1942 - 1945 1946 - Contain Hanoi Ho Chi Minh (Viet Minh) 1954? …Some were OK with French rule… Ngo Dinh Diem Saigon 1950 Home

  11. Geneva Conference, 1954 • French defeat at Dien Bien Phu • Chart the future for French Indochina • Khmer – Nation (Cambodia) • Lao – Nation (Laos) • Viet • disengagement, separation, election, nation Home

  12. Laos Cambodia North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Future Plan Free elections Unified Vietnam Geneva Conference , 1954

  13. Containment I 1948 - 1949

  14. Containment II 1949 - last

  15. Inhertances

  16. Phase 1: Support The French (1945 – 1954) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY Monetary and Military Material Aid for France Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Dien Bien Phu • French Loss • Geneva Peace Conference • (1 colony = 4 nations) ASSESSMENT USTIFICATION

  17. Phase 2: Eisenhower and Vietnam (1954 – 1961) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY Nation Building • N/S election cancelled • Build a Pro-American South Vietnam Monetary and Military Aid to South Vietnam • Ngo Dinh Diem • Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution USTIFICATION ASSESSMENT Diem: not popular … may need more help Vietcong: South Vietnamese Communists

  18. Phase 3: Kennedy and Vietnam (1961 – 1963) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY Nation Building • Build a Pro-American South Vietnam Military Advisors to South Vietnam • Military Aid & Advisory Group – Vietnam • MAAG–V  ARVN VC  _?_ • 1963 ≈ 16,000 MAAG –V in S. Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution USTIFICATION ASSESSMENT Diem: murdered

  19. Phase 4: Johnson and Vietnam (1963 – 1968) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA) OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY 1964: Air Power • Operation “Rolling Thunder” • to stop NVA from supplying VC • to devastate the Ho Chi Minh Trail 1965: Ground Forces • led by General W. Westmoreland • “search & destroy” VC / NVA USTIFICATION Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ASSESSMENT Metric: body count & kill ratio > taking ground Reports: We are winning!!

  20. Phase 5: Tet offensive (1968) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA) OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY 1964: Air Power • Operation “Rolling Thunder” • to stop NVA from supplying VC • to devastate the Ho Chi Minh Trail 1965: Ground Forces • led by General W. Westmoreland • “search & destroy” VC / NVA USTIFICATION Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ASSESSMENT Metric: body count & kill ratio > taking ground Reports: We are winning!!

  21. Phase 6: Nixon and Vietnam (1969 – 1970) HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA) OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY Publically: “Vietnamization” Privately: Cambodia PUBLIC USTIFICATION Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ASSESSMENT Public dissatisfaction, anger, mistrust Renewed anti-war activity on college campuses (Kent State) Move to Détente strategy

  22. Phase 7: The Conclusion (1971 - 1973) Detente: Peaceful coexistence with the Communist world HYPOTHESIS Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA) OBJECTIVE Containment STRATEGY “Linkage” Negotiate a settlement with North Vietnam USA • remove troops & return POWs North Vietnam • shut down Ho Chi Minh Trail & return POWs USTIFICATION Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1973: USA out (a promise … if not a victory…) 1975: NVA invades South Vietnam ASSESSMENT

  23. VC

  24. MAAG-V 1963 ≈ 16,000

  25. Ho Chi Minh Trail

  26. 1965 ≈ 75,000

  27. Gen. William Westmoreland

  28. Defoliation: Agent Orange

  29. “Search and Destroy”

  30. Tet Offensive • What • Vietcong attack • Simultaneous • Multiple • Thought-To-Be Secure Areas • Results • There: Vietcong repulsed • Here: Credibility Gap • “… I ’ve lost Cronkite …” • Election Year – Nixon in 1968

  31. NVA North Vietnamese Army

  32. “To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could.” Walter Cronkite, February 1968

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