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Antibiotic Resistance in Snow and Melting Snow

This article explores the presence and survival of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in snow and melting snow. It discusses the origins of antibiotic resistance, the impact on ecosystems, and the need for further research in the field.

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Antibiotic Resistance in Snow and Melting Snow

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  1. Antibiotic Resistance in Snow and Melting Snow Shane Schoolman Winter Ecology 2016 Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder

  2. What Are Antibiotics? • The literal meaning of the word antibioticis 'against life’ • Antibiotics are typically thought of as chemicals that kill bacteria. • Usually thought as chemicals that kill bacteria • But actually refers to pretty much anything that will kill or disrupt the growth and reproduction of: • Viruses • Bacteria • Plants • Insects

  3. What is Resistance?

  4. How Does This Happen? • Antibiotic resistance originates by random mutation. • A resistance mutation did not happen because the cell needed it to survive. • “This mutation happened somewhere in a gene that conferred some degree of resistance to an antibiotic BEFORE the antibiotic was present in the environment and this particular cell was able to survive in an environment with antibiotic.” (Dr. Andrew Martin EBIO 3080) →

  5. Where Are They? • Groundwater & Surface waters near: • Cattle Farms • Agriculture Farms through manure (transfers to plant tissue…) • surrounding landscapes of Hospital • ETC… • “In general, soil organic matter and minerals are the two soil components responsible for holding antibiotics” (Michigan State University - http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1032/antibiotics-in-the-environment-and-antibiotic-resistance/) Understanding the fate and transport of antibiotics in the environment is essential to assess their impact and subsequent risks to ecosystems.

  6. Previous work meets EBIO Winter Ecology • Local Antibiotic Resistance Field Work • http://owingit.github.io/abiotics/index.html • Intercontinental Dispersal of Bacteria and Archaea by Transpacific Winds. (Smith et. al, 2013)

  7. Does ARB exist in snow and melting snow? All the studies that have been conducted by the Martin lab, and myself, have taken place mainly during the summer months. • We know they exist in high frequencies in our watershed due to rain and anthropocentric runoff, but what do we know about their survival and persistence in winter through wind and snow?

  8. Melting Snow (MS) Melted (M) Snow (S)

  9. Results AMP STP Winter Summer Winter Summer Site 9 Site 9 S 3.61 MS58.36 M12.55 S3.96 MS13.77 M8.47 6.84 88.72 Site 8 Site 8 S25.80 MS14.38 M31.32 S1.00 MS5.47 M26.84 12.48 55.10 Site 7 Site 7 S48.46 MS55.61 M16.63 S1.52 MS3.98 M2.76 62.07 3.80

  10. P values: > .4

  11. What I have concluded though my experiment • 1. Does ARB exist in snow and melting snow? • 2. is there any patternswith medium/form of water (Snow, Melting-Snow, Melted) ?

  12. Discussion • Streptomycin interferes with protein synthesis by binding to a ribosomal protein (one of the proteins involved in mRNA translation) • It appears that ARB frequencies are independent upon location • (Tie in with intro) So its important to note that frequencies are equally found in snow and water sources alike, so more focus should be given to airborne bacteria’s • Interesting how all Streptomycin are found in equal amounts in Winter and Summer….

  13. What Next? • Sample Glacier’s • Tops of mountains • Push for Antibiotic Regulations • Retest on larger scale • More Samples and More Time (wind patterns through seasons)

  14. Summary Antibiotic Resistance is mainly looked at and thought about in soils Data shows equal frequencies, independent upon sample sites and water mediums Future Research and Focus on Wind/Storm transportation Remember to take ALL of your antibiotics, and ONLY take when necessary

  15. Works Cited • Baquero, Fernando, José-Luis Martínez, and Rafael Cantón. "Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in Water Environments." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 19.3 (2008): 260-65. Web. • Barcelo, Damia, and Jim Bennett. "Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment." Elsevier. Elsevier, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. • Berendonk, Thomas U., Célia M. Manaia, Christophe Merlin, DespoFatta-Kassinos, Eddie Cytryn, Fiona Walsh, Helmut Bürgmann, Henning Sørum, MadelaineNorström, Marie-Noëlle Pons, Norbert Kreuzinger, PenttiHuovinen, Stefania Stefani, Thomas Schwartz, VeljoKisand, Fernando Baquero, and José Luis Martinez. "Tackling Antibiotic Resistance: The Environmental Framework." Nature Reviews Microbiology Nat Rev Micro 13.5 (2015): 310-17. Web. • Christner, Brent C. "Bioprospecting for Microbial Products That Affect Ice Crystal Formation and Growth." ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85.3 (2009): 481-89. Web. • Rozeboom, Dale, Barbara Straw, Hui Li, and David Beede. "Antibiotics in the Environment and Antibiotic Resistance." The Poultry Site. Michigan State University, 06 Oct. 2008. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. • Smith, D. J., H. J. Timonen, D. A. Jaffe, D. W. Griffin, M. N. Birmele, K. D. Perry, P. D. Ward, and M. S. Roberts. "Intercontinental Dispersal of Bacteria and Archaea by Transpacific Winds." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79.4 (2012): 1134-139. Web. 27 Feb. 2016. • Dr. Andrew Martin, EBIO Department, various writings and personal communication

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