FINGERPRINTS

1. FINGERPRINTS

2. History of Fingerprints

3. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago • William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom? • British used fingerprints for pay ID

4. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work • A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association

5. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • Fauld offered to set up a system of fingerprints at Scotland Yard (at his own expense) • Rejected in favor of the Bertillon System • This decision reversed less than two decades later

6. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.

7. Bertillon’s System Relied on: • Portraite Parlé – Detailed description of the individual • Full length and profile photographs • Anthropometry – A system of precise body measurements

8. ANTHROPOMETRY • A method of identification • Based upon the premise that the dimensions of the human skeletal system remained fixed from age 20 until death • Eleven (11) measurements taken - to include height, width of head & length of left foot

9. FRANCIS GALTON • In 1892, published the classic work Finger Prints • In this book he discussed the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them • Proposed three pattern types: loops, whorls and arches

10. FRANCISGALTON • No two prints are identical • An individual’s prints remain unchanged from one year to the next

11. SIR EDWARD HENRY • Englishman • In 1897, proposed another classification system which is still in use today • Most English-speaking countries use some version of Henry’s classification system

12. In the United States • 1901 – First systematic use of fingerprints adopted by the New York Civil Service Commission • 1904 – American police received training in fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yards representatives • 1924 – Fingerprint records from the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth merged to form records for the new FBI

13. Admissibility of Fingerprints • Challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C. Mitchell • Argued under Daubert guidelines that fingerprints were not unique • Judge upheld admissibility and ruled: 1. Human friction ridges are unique and permanent 2. Human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent

14. PHYSIOLOGY OF FINGERPRINTS

15. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FIRST PRINCIPLE: Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus

16. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS SECOND PRINCIPLE: A Fingerprint will remain LARGELY UNCHANGED during an Individual’s Lifetime

17. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS THIRD PRINCIPLE: Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE No Two Fingers have yet been found to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (even identical twins!!)

18. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FOURTH PRINCIPLE: FINGERPRINTS CAN BE SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS

19. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS MINUTIAE - Ridge Characteristics Define Individuality • IDENTITY • NUMBER • RELATIVE LOCATION • COMPARE POINT BY POINT • POSSIBLY 150 POINTS ON THE AVERAGE FINGERPRINT

20. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS MINUTIAE - Ridge Characteristics Define Individuality HOW MANY POINTS MAKE A MATCH? Depends on experience and knowledge of the examiner Usually 8 to 16

21. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FRICTION SKIN RIDGES Palm Side of Fingers and Thumbs Soles of Feet Provide Firmer Grasp Resistance to Slippage Lines corresponding to Hills (ridges) & Valleys (grooves)

22. SKIN COMPOSED OF LAYERS OF CELLS EPIDERMIS - OUTER DERMIS - INNER LAYER DERMAL PAPILLAE - IN BETWEEN

23. SKIN SKIN RIDGES CONTAIN PORES Openings for ducts from sweat glands Perspiration discharged to surface of skin Transfer is called LATENT FINGERPRINTS

24. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS ARCHES 5% LOOPS 60% - 65% WHORLS 30% - 35%

25. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS ARCHES - least common of three general patterns • RIDGES ENTER ONE SIDE OF PATTERN AND EXIT ANOTHER • NO DELTAS, OR CORE • PLAIN ARCHES - wavelike pattern • TENTED ARCHES - sharp spike

26. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS LOOPS - most common type • Ridges enter one side and exit same side • Core is the middle of the print • One delta • ULNAR LOOP - opens toward little finger • RADIAL LOOP - opens toward thumb

27. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS LOOPS - • CORE • TYPE LINES • DELTA

28. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS WHORLS - FOUR TYPES • Plain • Central pocket loop • Double loop • Accidental • ALL HAVE TWO DELTAS & TYPE LINES

29. The Primary Classification- Henry’s System • Pair up fingers, placing one finger in the numerator of a fraction, the other in the denominator. • R. Index + R. Ring + L. Thumb + L. Middle + L. Little +1 R. Thumb + R. Middle+ R. Little + L. Index + L. Ring +1 (16) (8) (4) (2) (1) Value Look for a whorl!!!!

30. The Primary Classification- Henry’s System • The presence or absence of the whorl pattern is the basis for • the determination of the primary classification. If a whorl pattern is found on any finger of the first pair it is • assigned a value of 16; on the second pair, a value of 8; and • on the third pair, a value of 4; on the fourth pair, a value of 2; • and on the last pair, a value of one. Any finger having an • arch or loop pattern is assigned a value of 0. After all fingers • have been assigned the proper value 1 is added to both the • numerator and the denominator.

31. The Primary Classification- Henry’s System • 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +1  17 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 +1 9 • ( about 25% of the population falls in the 1/1 category; that is, all their fingers have either loops or arches.) • Values run from1:1 to 32:32 with 1024 primary groupings

32. FINGERPRINT DEVELOPMENT

33. Types of Fingerprints VISIBLE - RIDGES PLACED ON A SURFACE AFTER CONTACT WITH A COLORED MATERIAL (blood, paint,grease, ink)

34. Types of Fingerprints PLASTIC - RIDGES LEFT ON A SOFT MATERIAL (putty, wax, soap, dust)

35. Types of Fingerprints LATENT - HIDDEN OR INVISIBLE TRANSFER OF BODY PERSPIRATION OR OILS MUST BE ENHANCED

36. Types of Surfaces NON-POROUS GLASS, MIRROR, PLASTIC, PAINTED SURFACES ENHANCE WITH SUPER GLUE and/or POWDER

37. Types of Surfaces POROUS PAPER, CARDBOARD, CLOTH ENHANCE WITH CHEMICALS

38. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT FINGERPRINT POWDERS • BLACK (white surfaces) • GRAY (dark surfaces) • FLUORESCENT (multi-colored surfaces) • MAGNETIC (leather or rough plastic) • ADHERES TO PERSPIRATION and/or BODY OILS

39. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT CHEMICALS IODINE FUMING (oldest)- suspect material Is placed in an enclosed Container with iodine Crystals. Iodine sublimates And vapors react with chemicals In the print making it visible for photography

40. METHODS OF ENHANCEMENT CHEMICALS SUPER GLUE FUMING - • CYANOACRYLATE ESTER • USED ON NON-POROUS SURFACES • CREATE FUMES WITH HEAT- reacts with chemicals in the print. • PORTABLE WAND AVAILABLE

41. PRESERVATION AND COMPARISON OF FINGERPRINTS

42. PRESERVATION OF ENHANCED PRINTS PHOTOGRAPHY • 1:1 SCALE LIFTING • TAPE • HINGED LIFTER

43. A F I S Automated Fingerprint Identification System

44. A F I S Automatic Scanning Devices Convert Fingerprint Image into Digital Minutiae • RIDGE ENDINGS • BIFURCATIONS

45. A F I S Types of Databases • Arrest Prints (KNOWNS) • Forensic Prints (CRIME SCENE)

46. A F I S SEARCH ALGORITHM DETERMINES DEGREE OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE QUESTIONED AND KNOWN PRINTS

47. A F I S • THOUSANDS OF COMPARISONS PER SECOND • ALL SELECTED PRINTS VERIFIED BY TRAINED EXAMINER • STANDARDS ENABLE AGENCIES TO EASILY EXCHANGE DATA

48. FINGERPRINT EXAMINER • 4 YEAR DEGREE • 2+ YEARS TRAINING • CERTIFICATION PROGRAM • Written Test • Proficiency Test • Continuing Education • International Association for Identification (IAI)