Definition of Psychology

1. Definition of Psychology • Psychology is the science of human behavior • The goals of psychology? • same as for any other science • To build an organized body of knowledge of its subject matter • develop valid, reliable explanations for the phenomenon in its domain.

2. Ways of knowing • Science is but one way of understanding the world • What other ways are there for knowing about the world? • Common Sense • Wear a coat and hat or catch a cold?

3. Many common sense notions are contradictory • absence makes the heart grow fonder • out of sight out of mind • birds of a feather flock together • opposites attract

4. Magical view of the world • Many cultures understand their world through what we might call magic. • Some researchers have even described two broad classes of magic • imitative magic (law of similarity) • make yourself like what you want to achieve • Malaysian woman gathering rice • or imitate the action • Rain dance • contagious magic (law of contact) • Wotjobaluk tribe of Victoria Australia • opossum rug (Wotjobaluk tribe of Victoria Australia)

5. There are some similarities between magical and scientific views of the world • Both science and magic believe that events happen for specific reasons • causal reasoning • seismologist • palm readers • manipulate antecedent conditions to achieve desired effects • change clothes to affect rice crop • heat rug to make someone sick • treat nuclear material to make abundant energy or cause mass destruction • If you are the one that knows the causes of things there are many opportunities for you • the science and magic have high status in their societies

6. The rational method • knowledge is gained by reason • not by experiencing the world • human reason as the only reliable guide to knowledge • Philosophy often employs a rationalist or (logical) approach. • Rene’ Descartes (17th century philosopher) • did not trust the human senses • How do I know that the world exists at all? Do I even exist? • to solve this Descartes relied on what he called self-evident truths. • Assumption 1: Something that thinks must exist • Assumption 2: I am thinking • Conclusion: I must exist • Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)

7. Rationalism is an important technique for understanding things that are outside the realm of science • what is the meaning of life • Rationalism is also important to scientists • our approach to science must always follow a logical progression. • However scientists remain empiricists • rely on observations obtained by the human senses • we have rules, though, to attempt to eliminate the hallucination or brain in the jar problems • we will get to these later.

8. Also rationalism can be an important first step in the development of scientific hypotheses and theories • Einstein’s Gedankens (thought experiments)

9. Religion • relies on forces superior to one’s own as the basis of knowledge • Rather than relying on human reason or human observation • Knowledge comes through faith • For many religions it is not up to humans to learn the nature of the world • Keep in mind the big religious questions are often outside the realm of science • We cannot run studies that will show that god does not exist, or support that god does exist

10. Science • Science is another way of knowing about the world. • There are some basic characteristics that all sciences share

11. All sciences make a few basic assumptions 1. Order • Events happen in regular patterns. • events do not occur in a chaotic or chance matter. • Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) “faith in an organized universe is essential to science. If there were no inherent order, there would be no point in looking for one. Therefore there would be no need to develop methods for doing so.”

12. Determinism • 2. Determinism • highly related to the assumption of order • Determinism means that events are caused by prior events (antecedent conditions). • Determinism is often easier for people to accept when they are thinking about the other sciences (like physics and biology). • why do i stick to the ground (law of gravity)

13. Belief in determinism • It can be more difficult when dealing with human behavior • Humans tend to believe in free will. • But we are also often determinists • Implications for taking a free will view point? • implications for taking a determinist view point?

14. Discoverability • Discoverability is the assumption that there will eventually be answers to the questions that are within the realm of science • B.F. Skinner was not much for the brain sciences, in part I believe because he didn’t think we had the technology to study the brain well

15. restricted questions • All sciences agree that there are restrictions on the kinds of questions that can be asked • questions must be • empirical (empiricism) • falsifiable • public

16. empirical questions • empiricism = the study of observable events in nature in an effort to solve problems • in contrast to rationalism • how many teeth does a horse have? • This is why psychology is the study of human behavior, rather than the study of the human mind • we can directly observe behavior. • Scientists do, however, often make inferences about things we cannot directly observe through the observation of an observable event • Do children attend more to a television show if there is something going on that is directly relevant to the plot

17. falsifiable questions • if not falsifiable – not science • oedipal complex • evolution • goes out on a limb • 600 million rabbit skeleton would be a problem

18. public • Public questions • near death experience

19. Scientists also prefer parsimonious explanations that can be replicated and recognize that those explanations are tentative

20. principle of parsimony • scientists prefer explanations that make the fewest assumptions • in short they prefer simpler theories.

21. Replication • cold fusion • Woo Suk Hwang • cloning human stem cells • why is replication so important? • mistakes • fraud

22. tentative explanations • Scientists understand that their ideas may not hold up • our findings are not proof • we know we could be wrong • Newton vs. Einstein • flat, round, oblong, triangular earth • we move toward a better understanding • converging evidence

23. pulling together • Why is a scientific approach necessary? • Clever Hans • http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31388323/vp/34111007#34111007 • Dr Nancy link

24. levels of analysis • description • prediction • explanation • Different research methods are required.