Prelude To A Nation

1. Prelude To A Nation Mr. Giesler American History

2. What To Expect During This Unit • To learn about the first settlements and civilizations of early America • To learn about the motivation behind migration and colonization of America • To learn about the interactions between the colonies and England • To learn about other oddities and significant events, which influenced the development of the Colonies and their struggle to form an independent nation • To examine in great detail several primary source documents • To complete several DBQ’s • Plenty of group work • Learning Stations and Learning Activity • To prepare for the next unit: “Revolutionary Road” • Unit Exam • As a reminder, the “Prelude to a Nation” PowerPoint will be uploaded (in its entirety) to the class website at the end of the unit and prior to the unit exam. Prior to the final upload, weekly updates will occur – as usual.

3. Early America What I know about Early America What I want to learn about Early America What I learned about Early America Refer to your Notes Packet **Early America = Prior to the Revolutionary War

4. Impetus • TTYN: What was going in on Europe • Change in the Air – • Politics, Religion, Discovery and Invasion • The Renaissance • Reformation

5. Impetus • The Renaissance • The term Renaissance, literally means "rebirth" and is the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages • Characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. • The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents • The decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce • Invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder. • So, how does the Renaissance relate to the new world? • The impact of the Renaissance – Rediscovered classical learning and exposed the traditional order to the challenged of science and rationalism. • New vistas opened, old moods shattered.

6. Impetus • Reformation • One of the greatest of all revolutions was the 16th-century religious revolt known as the Reformation. • This stormy, often brutal, conflict separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. • It ushered in the Modern Age because, once the people's religious unity was destroyed, they began to think in terms of their own regional interests. • So, how does the Renaissance relate to the new world? • The Puritans, the new worlds first guests, were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. • The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestantism and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. • They contended that The Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform.

7. The Protestant Reformation • Catholic Church had become very scandalous and fraudulent. • Catholic Church disrupted by the Protestant Reformation. • Martin Luther launched a movement in 1517. John Calvin addressed the shortcomings of the Catholic Church. • Henry VIII broke from Rome because of his desire to be divorced. He created the Anglican Church in 1534, with himself as the head. • In some lands, business classes tended to support the Protestants. • Countries like England experienced an increase in trade and industry. • Lead to religious intentions for colonization in the New World.

8. Why America? • Trade Opportunities • Why trade? • Who benefits? • Who does it affect? • What was traded? What these countries were after in the Western Word Dutch – money, furs Spanish - money, souls. and territory French – Souls, Fur Trade English –territory (if considering on just the settlers) Snapshot Native American European 1600 100,000 0 1675 25,000 30,000 1800 5,500 1,000,000

9. Contact • TTYN: Why do you think Early Americans were successful against the Natives? • When Europeans faced native populations, they triumphed and accomplished their purposes because they had superior fighting techniques, organizations, and motivation. Technology trumps numbers (natives outnumbered the Europeans) • First Americans - Initially all men….result – Intermarriage frequently took place, leading to so-called half-caste civilizations • The 1st American Birther Issue: • England abandoned that idea (all men) in favor of moving entire families who sought to recreate their original way of life in the new colony. In N America, almost all English settlements were family units, which is why Englishmen frowned upon intermarriage. Moreover, offspring were considered outcasts.

10. New Beginnings • Overlapping • England’s settlement often overlapped with other European powers, which led to conflicts. • France occupied the St Lawrence River valley, Dutch had the Hudson Valley, Spain pushed up from Mexico into the Gulf Coast, and England in the N.E Region. This all set the stage for the drama of America’s initial development Insert Map

11. New Beginnings • The Dutch • The on-again, off-again, and mostly on-again spat between Spain and the Netherlands provide the necessary incentive for the Dutch to seek ventures overseas • Dutch seeking their own route to the Orient, employed Englishman Henry Hudson. Instead of crossing the north of Europe, Hudson opted to go west, where he stumbled upon the river that bears his name. • Despite the find, the Dutch were reluctant to embrace America’s potential until Spain threatened a new war in 1621. As a result, the Dutch West India Company formed. • Dutch established a colony (purchase of Manhattan) in 1626; New Netherlands • Fur Trade became the major occupation, and the Dutch used the Indians to gather fur for exchange at their trading posts.

12. New Beginnings • The Dutch • The Iroquois, who by the mid 17th century became middlemen for the Dutch and later for the English, expanded into the Ohio Valley in search for furs, thereby coming into conflict with the Algonquin tribes and their French allies. • The colony suffered from the indecisiveness of the Company • The leaders could not decide how to use New Netherlands most profitable manner.

13. New Beginnings • The Dutch • The problem: the fur trade suggested that it become an outpost; granting of large tracts of land as patroonships indicated a desire to create a permanent settlement; however, a dedicated policy to colonize never really materialized under the Dutch • TTYN –In addition to indecisiveness, what other reasons do you think answers the reason why the Dutch were reluctant to colonize? • The Dutch were reluctant to leave their prosperous and tolerant homeland. Moreover, the Dutch West India Com welcome all newcomers as its employees; Belgians, Swedes, Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Dutchmen comprised the colony’s settlers.

14. New Beginnings The Dutch • New Netherland was a holding operation and under tenuous Dutch control. • When challenged, crumbled easily. • By the mid 17th century English settlements to the NE and French intrusions from the North pressed the Dutch. • The English recognized location’s importance and by 1644, under the Duke of York’s guidance seized the Dutch colony, thereby closing a gap in England’s control of the North American coast. • A New York State of Mind • Settled -1611 • Initially a trading colony of the Dutch • Dutch west India Company • Wanted Fur w/ Iroquois • Patroonship – person given a huge track of land • Feudal system – why rent land in NY when you could own in Penn • NY becomes very heterogeneous • Anyone could settle in NY • Slow to develop due to the feudal system

15. Early America What I know about Early America What I want to learn about Early America What I learned about Early America Refer to your Notes Packet **Early America = Prior to the Revolutionary War

16. English Colonialism • 1606, James 1 chartered two new companies – the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth • A Difference in opinion: • Overseas expansion captured the imagination of England’s merchant community. Thus, England began its effort of developing its first permanent colony in North America in Virginia; The London Company would occupy the southern section, while the Plymouth Company would occupy the north. Furthermore, the Crown promised to protect the companies from the intrusion of any other Englishmen. Under the charters, the companies would each appoint a resident council to govern the settlements, while the King would set up a royal council in England to supervise them TTYN: Identify a significant luxury that the colonies enjoyed and explain why this luxury amd/or change is important

17. English Colonialism • Jamestown • 1609; Jamestown almost didn’t make it. June 1609, nine ships with 800 settlers arrived during “starving time”; malaria and dysentery took their toll on the colonist. • May, 1610 the mass exodus began; however, they turned around when a relief fleet arrived filled with supplies. Consequently, they returned to reestablish Virginia • Dumb Luck – relief fleet was late because it was shipwrecked on the Bermuda islands, which taught them several lessons. First, opportunity to develop sugar cultivation, which will provide the necessary capital to sustain the mainland. Second, this find helped sell stock and increase settlers.

18. English Colonialism Jamestown • TTYN: What does the survival and perseverance of the people of Jamestown demonstrate? • The settlement of Virginia demonstrates that English colonization was motivated not by basic dissatisfaction with conditions at home, but by the possibilities of quick wealth. • Discovery of a cash crop – tobacco. • Need for settlers. To encourage colonist, Company agreed to give them lands and power over their own settlements.

19. The Role of Government • House of Burgesses created TTYN: What do you suppose the repercussions might be with this new found authority • Democracy in Practice • First representative assembly; started as an experiment to answer criticisms in London and Virginia about the harsh and authoritarian gov’t in the colony. • Representative allotted based on population. It was declared that no taxes could be raised without its consent. • Minimize the power of royal governors through retention of the legislature • No taxes could be raised without its consent

20. The New England Colonies: Escape to Plymouth Rock • England Reformation • Henry VIII break with Rome; The Church doctrinal base became Protestant, but its organization and ritual remained Catholic except for the position of the papacy. Struggle between Calvinists and medieval Catholicism. • Many believed that the Church could not reform and must be abandoned. • These separatists became known as the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony. They objected to both the church’s hierarchy and to its inclusion of those who had not experienced saving grace.

21. The New England Colonies: Escape to Plymouth Rock So, what is the Puritan Ethic? • Believed in the importance of the conversion experience, individual elected by God for salvation, began with a person’s rapt attention to God’s Word, moved to his intellectual awareness of sin, repentance based upon his fear of sin’s consequences. Conversion was the rebirth of man – a vivid, personal experience in which the soul encountered the love of God.

22. The New England Colonies: Escape to Plymouth Rock • Reached an agreement with the Virginia Company of London in 1620. Formed a joint-stock company for a seven-year period. • 1620. Set sail for Virginia, navigational error they reached Cape Cod and decided to settle there. • Why stay? Maybe the fishing opportunities or distance between Virginia and NE gave them the feeling or more religious freedom

23. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts Bay • Mayflower Compact • Gov’t patterned upon their church organization. They took as their mission purification of the Anglican Church. They colony they sought to establish would demonstrate the perfection of their religious beliefs. Perhaps an oversight, no mention was made of the Company’s headquarters; thus, provided the Company (Mass Bay Company) to move to America, thereby freeing it from immediate royal control or supervision and protecting its special religious purpose from Episcopal interference. • 1630, John Winthrop, along with 11 ships and 700 passengers left for Mass, carrying with them their precious charter. Thus began the great migration. Mass became a colony whose raison d’etre was religion. A Typical New England Town • Families settled here • Quick to reproduce • Many property owners • Close-knit society • “Hiving Off” – the town would get too big and branch off into another

24. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts Bay

25. The Southern colonies included Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. The middle colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.

26. The New England Colonies: Puritan Life The Puritans believed they were doing God's work. Harsh punishment was inflicted on those who were seen as straying from God's work. There were cases when individuals of differing faiths were hanged in Boston Common The life expectancy of its citizens became longer than that of Old England, and much longer than the Southern English colonies.  LITERACY RATES were high as well. Massachusetts law required a tax-supported school for every community that could boast 50 or more families. Puritans wanted their children to be able to read the Bible, of course. Church attendance was mandatory. Those that missed church regularly were subject to a fine.

27. The New England Colonies: Puritan Life MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY was a man's world. Women did not participate in town meetings and were excluded from decision making in the church. Harsh treatment for Adulterers - at least two known adulterers were executed in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Additionally, public whippings were commonplace. A Stockade was used and forced the humiliated guilty person to sit in the public square, while onlookers spat or laughed at them. Puritans felt no remorse about administering punishment. They believed in Old Testament methods. Surely God's correction would be far worse to the individual than any earthly penalty.

28. DBQ Time Refer to Notes Packet for readings on and from Anne Hutchinson, John Winthrop, John Cotton, and Mary Rowlandson Small Group Activity: Complete the attached DBQ

29. The Extraordinary Personalities of the New England Colonies Purifying” the Church of England  Puritans called for more changes in the Anglican Church.  Other groups: Congregationalists (separatists) supported only small, decentralized local church bodies; Presbyterians control by one controlled by elected laymen Bradford and Plymouth Colony  Settlers came for religious freedom  Created the Mayflower Compact, a document which stated the colony would be governed by itself  Early form of Direct Democracy, would later be used in town meeting in the colonies  The pilgrims/separatists first migrated to Holland, but then left for Virginia but ended up in Massachusetts. The first 30 years of the Pilgrim story is preserved in William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation.  Learned planting, hunting, and fishing from Squanto, and after a successful harvest, held the first Thanksgiving

30. The Extraordinary Personalities of the New England Colonies Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony  The Dorchester Puritans organized the commercial Massachusetts Bay Company, mainly for religious freedom. John Winthrop was governor for 20 years. “City on the Hill”  10,000 people had arrived by 1640.  Only male members of the Puritan Church could vote in the elections for governor.  Sought economic equality  Education consisted of training ministers at the newly founded Harvard and Yale colleges

31. The Extraordinary Personalities of the New England Colonies Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson  Williams arrived in Massachusetts in 1631. Offended property owners because he believed land should be bought from the natives. Ordered to leave in fall 1635 by General Court. Settled Providence, RI in 1636. Believed in separation of church and state.  Hutchinson arrived in Boston in 1631. She criticized the ministers in the Bay colony. Left Massachusetts with supporters and family for Rhode Island. Later, after husband’s death, moved to Dutch colony of New Netherlands (Connecticut). There, natives killed her.

32. The Extraordinary Personalities of the New England Colonies Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson  Williams arrived in Massachusetts in 1631. Offended property owners because he believed land should be bought from the natives. Ordered to leave in fall 1635 by General Court. Settled Providence, RI in 1636. Believed in separation of church and state.  Hutchinson arrived in Boston in 1631. She criticized the ministers in the Bay colony. Left Massachusetts with supporters and family for Rhode Island. Later, after husband’s death, moved to Dutch colony of New Netherlands (Connecticut). There, natives killed her.

33. The Extraordinary Personalities of the New England Colonies Maryland and the Carolinas  Charles I granted Maryland to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore). Wanted a Catholic refuge and wealth. Died just before approval of grant.  Cecilius Calvert (son of George) could govern as he pleased, but chose to give settlers a voice in the he local area to attract settlers. Because of a large majority of Protestants, he created a Toleration Act in 1649, allowing anyone who believed in Jesus Christ. This led to the constitutional basis for freedom of religion.  Carolina was set up in a nobility system, including serfs, but no one could be found to fulfill the serf positions. A system like that of Virginia and Maryland were set up. Two different societies grew in the area of Charleston and Albemarle, so the colonies were divided in 1712, becoming North and South Carolina.

34. Early America What I know about Early America What I want to learn about Early America What I learned about Early America Refer to your Notes Packet **Early America = Prior to the Revolutionary War

35. Group Activity Salem Witch Trials  People, mainly women, in Salem were being accused of witchcraft  Soon, everyone was accusing their neighbors of being witches in mass panic  Women such as Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne proclaimed to be innocent, but they were sent to prison regardless  19 people were hanged, one man was crushed under a pile of stones

36. The Evolution of Slavery The Middle Passage • Just the Facts!!! • 1642 – 300 slaves, by 1700 – 1000 + entering per year

37. The Evolution of Slavery • Evolution of Slavery – 1619 by Dutch trading ships, classified as war captives, treated similar as white indentured servants; bound to labor for 5-7 years; after which, received their freedom just as white laborers. • 1661, House of Burgesses changed the legal distinction between white and black laborers; now referred to as “servants indentured for life” • 1670, House of Burgesses slavery is now a law. “all servants not Christians imported into the colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives, but shall come by land shall serve until thirty years of age. Maryland had done the same 7 years earlier. • TTYN:Why slavery? • response to constant and pressing demands for more docile manpower, for labors who did not have the poor work ethic of Englishmen. Tobacco farms grew.

38. Asserting Authority • Navigation Acts • 1650-51 Parliament passed the first Navigation Acts designed to monopolize colonial trade for England’s benefit. • Closed colonial trade to foreign vessels and insisted that anything entering England must do so in English vessels or Colonial vessels or in vessels belonging to the country of the goods’ origin. • The intent was clearly to eliminate the Dutch as commercial rivals. Consequence; the first Anglo-Dutch War.

39. Asserting Authority Anglo-Dutch War Causes Friction between England and the Netherlands had been growing since the early 17th century as both nations competed in maritime trade and colonial expansion. The war between the Netherlands and Spain was advantageous to English merchants, who could trade in Spanish markets from which the Dutch were excluded. After the peace treaty of 1648, however, Dutch merchant fleets returned to their trading sphere. English merchants had already been driven out of the lucrative East Indian spice trade and soon began to lose markets to the Dutch in Spain, the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Americas. Unofficial warfare developed as English privateers began seizing Dutch ships and their cargoes….. which we now know as???

40. The Middle Colonies: The Holy Experiment • Penn’s Holy Experiment (86) – 1680; could only pass laws with the consent of freemen’s consent in an assembly • Observe the Nav. Acts, and keep an agent in London to answer all violations, Crown retained appellate jurisdiction, and could not prevent establishment of the Church of England in PA. • Settled on Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love; sought the friendship of neighboring governors, Indians in his territory, and those Europeans already settled there. • Holy Experiment of Quakerism not a refuge, but as an opportunity to permit the application of Quakerism and its ideas – liberty of conscience, pacifism, and man’s direct relationship with God – w/o restraint by an already organized society.

41. Holy Experiment Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania) – 1681 Penn gets charter Quakers Philadelphia (quickly a city based on trade…great port and harbor) Religious tolerance (practice what you want) Much closer supervision from England Lenient, liberal, fair legal system Bicameral, advanced frame of Gov’t Not as hostile relationship w/ Indians All taxpayers can vote Proprietary Colony (William Penn owned the land/charter) Cheap land avail for sale Mostly No. Europeans Quakers – inner light church meetings dress code everyone is equal Egalitarian faith Pacifist

42. Not So Peachy in the Peach State • Georgia • 1733 James Oglethorpe’s dream • Hoped that the colony would have sober and industrious farmers • Land Grants; 50 acres and nontransferable • Rum and other “spirits” were banned • Slaves were prohibited; they wanted people to work for themselves • Settlers found ways to circumvent all restrictions • Rum flowed and slaves were imported • 250,000 immigrants immigrated to Georgia- Irish, Scottish, and German. • Georgia served as a buffer from the Spanish and the Indians

43. The Americanization of the First Americans: The Learning Curve • Indians and Europeans as “Americanizers” •  Colonists and Indians learned from each other. “It is very easy to make an Indian out of a white man, but you cannot make • a white man out of an Indian.” •  Natives adopted European technology eagerly. They also took other things like attitudes, tools, clothing, weapons, and • alcohol (another factor that hurt them).

44. Early America What I know about Early America What I want to learn about Early America What I learned about Early America Refer to your Notes Packet **Early America = Prior to the Revolutionary War

45. Growing Pains • Strains within the Empire • 1676, Bacon Rebellion • The Causes: • Indian difficulties • fur trade • Grievances over declining tobacco process • Rising taxes, and aging governor’s obstinacy • England’s failure to take an interest in Virginia’s internal development; harassed by Indians and they wanted reprisals; attacked the Indians without consent from the governor’s sanction

46. Growing Pains • Strains within the Empire • When learning of the uprising, England dispatched 1100 troops; this investigatory body, and the changes introduced • TTYN:What is the significance of England’s actions? • King Phillips War in N.E. faced the same consequences from England – tighten control of the colonies and intensified hostilities toward France and its Indian allies. • Americanization of the Empire (109) Threatened Virg. Self-gov’t and challenged its political maturity, The real significance lay in England’s sudden interest in regulating Virg. affairs.; The Results of the Bacon Rebellion This was a class war and a pre-cursor to the Revolutionary War. New immigrants standing up to the laws of England. Eliminates indentured servants and promotes slavery in the late 1600’s.

47. Learning Activities: • Learning Stations • Virginia Colony vs. Mass. Colony • Create Your Own Colony • Rules • Religious and Personal Toleration • Slavery • Role for women • Taxes • Laws • Native American Relations • Foreign Relations