Sudan: The Southern Policy and Sudanese Independence

1. Sudan:The Southern Policyand Sudanese Independence HIST 4339

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3. Outline • 1920s: increasing unrest in Egypt and Sudan • Withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Sudan • 1920s and 1930s: Indir Rule • Southern Policy and Nuba Policy • 1930s/1940s: rise of Sudanese natlism • 1956: Suez Crisis

4. Indirect Rule • First established 1922 • Early efforts at gradual sudanization of administration • After 1924, British reluctant to allow educated Sudanese any responsibility

5. Southern Policy • Separation of south from north • Encouragement of development of southern culture • Early and vague consideration of partition Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

6. Nuba Policy • Extension of Southern Policy • Instituted in 1929 Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

7. Nuba Policy • Goal: “to preserve an authentic Nuba civilization and culture as against a bastard type of Arabization” • British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities

8. Sudanese Nationalism • 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese) • 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self-determination” at WWII end • 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

9. Draft Treaty (1946) “. . . will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan . . . the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until . . . full common agreement . . . the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of 1936 . . . will remain in force.”

10. Sudanese Nationalism • 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence • 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

11. Sudanese Nationalism • 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops • Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence • 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

12. Suez Crisis • Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid • July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

13. Suez Crisis • Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal • Britain no longer a world power