1 / 24

DNA Technology

DNA Technology . Chapter 12. Applications of Biotechnology. Biotechnology : The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for human use. DNA Technology : Application of biotechnology in which genomes of organisms are analyzed and manipulated at the molecular level

vito
Download Presentation

DNA Technology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. DNATechnology Chapter 12

  2. Applications of Biotechnology • Biotechnology: The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for human use. • DNA Technology: Application of biotechnology in which genomes of organisms are analyzed and manipulated at the molecular level • Bacteria, such as E. coli, serve as useful models for gene manipulations • Do not undergo meiosis (reproduce asexually) • Still have means of genetic recombination • This natural recombination process is capitalized on in current DNA technology procedures

  3. Selective Breeding • Cross-breed organisms with desired traits • Enhance expression of trait • Produce combination of desired traits

  4. Lederberg & Tatum’s Experiment

  5. Recombinant DNA Technology • Combine genes from different sources, even different species, into a single DNA molecule • Bacteria have small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids separate from their larger single chromosome • Plasmids can replicate and pass between bacterial cells allowing gene sharing – associated with antibacterial resistance

  6. Genetic Engineering • Plasmids are used to add genes for useful products into bacteria through a process called gene cloning • Remove plasmid • Add useful gene • Reinsert in bacteria where genes are copied many times

  7. Genetically Engineering Insulin Gene Cloning

  8. How can we do this? • Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut genes at specific DNA sequences. • Over 75 different kinds of restriction enzymes are known; each one “recognizes” and cut DNA at a particular sequence • Restriction enzymes allow DNA to be cut into fragments that can be isolated, separated, and analyzed. • The cut ends produce matching “sticky ends” on the DNA fragment and the cut plasmids.

  9. Restriction Enzyme Action & Cloning into a Plasmid

  10. Inserting a DNA Sample into a Plasmid

  11. Reverse Transcriptase & Gene Cloning

  12. Cloning

  13. Gel Electrophoresis http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

  14. Restriction Sites

  15. Layout of an Electrophoresis Gel

  16. Loading the Wells of a Gel

  17. Uses of Electrophoresis • Isolation of DNA fragments so that they can be incorporated into a plasmids or some other vector.  • Creating a DNA map so that we know the exact order of the nucleic acid base pairs (A, T, C, or G) along a DNA strand. • PerformDNA Fingerprinting, which can be used to test organic items, such as hair or blood, and match them with the person that they came from.  This is useful in criminal investigations.

  18. Polymerase Chain Reaction Method of photocopying DNA in vitro to provide large supply to avoid needing large sample size of cells to extract it (DNA) from.

  19. Prokaryotic Control of Gene Expression

  20. Eukarotic Controls of Gene Expression • Gene expression is the transcription and translation of genes into proteins • Eukaryotic controls are elaborate than prokaryotes • Genes are not controlled in clusters • Proteins called transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to promoters or RNA polymerase • Turned ON or OFF by chemical signals in the cell

  21. Cellular Differentiation STEM CELLS are cells that are undifferentiated and have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells

  22. Homeotic Genes • “Master switches”; control formation of body parts in specific locations • Small changes in these genes can result in major morphological changes

More Related