Derived Nouns and Adjectives

1. Derived Nouns and Adjectives Georgia Center for Language

2. Overview • Outline • Part I • Verbal Nouns • Active Participles • Passive Participles • Nouns of Place and Time • Part II • Nouns of Instance • Nouns of Intensity and Profession • Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vessels • Relative Adjectives (Nisba) • Nouns of Concept (Feminine Nisba)

4. Derived Nouns and Adjectives • Noun: a word that is the name of something (as in a person (Bob), animal (cat), place (field), thing (pencil), quality (goodness), idea (feminism) or action (spitting). • Adjective: a word typically serving as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named (the barbarous tribes), to indicate its quantity or extent (the vast armies), or to specify a thing as distinct from something else (the Roman legion).

5. Derived Nouns and Adjectives • Part I • Verbal Nouns • Active Participles • Passive Participles • Nouns of Place and Time

6. The Verbal Nounالمصدر • Meaning and Use • In English, we make nouns out of verbs by adding noun-forming suffixes, of which there are more than twenty: • “-tion”: Hibernate/Hibernation; Qualify/Qualification • Gerund suffix “-ing”: Bake/Baking; Cook/Cooking • “-ant”: Defend/Defendant; Claim/Claimant • More Suffixes • The Arabic مصدر serves the same function as the English noun-forming suffix. Arabic has a small set of predictable, fixed noun-forming patterns, with one verbal noun pattern for each measure, with the exception of measure I.

7. Verbal Nouns I-X • Measure I (فَعَلَ) • More than 40 forms exist. • Most common forms: • عَرْضٌ = فَعْلٌ • وُصُولٌ = فُعُولٌ • كِتَابَةٌ = فِعَاَلَةٌ • Measure II (فَعَّلَ) • تَعْلِيمٌ = تَفْعِيلٌ

8. Verbal Nouns I-X • Measure III (فَاعَلَ) • مُحَارَبَةٌ = مُفَاَعَلَةٌ • قِتَالٌ = فِعَالٌ • Measure IV (أفَعَلَ) • إِظْهَارٌ = إِفْعَالٌ • Measure V (تَفَعَّلَ) • تَعَلُّمٌ = تَفَعُّلٌ • Measure VI (تَفَاعَلَ) • تَعَاَمُلٌ = تَفَاَعُلٌ

9. Verbal Nouns I-X • Measure VII (اِنْفَعَلَ) • إِنْسِحَابٌ = إِنْفِعَالٌ • Measure VIII (اِفْتَعَلَ) • إِرْتِفَاعٌ = إِفْتِعَالٌ • Measure IX (اِفْعَلَّ) • إِحْمِرَارٌ = إِفْعِلَالٌ • Measure X (اِسْتَفْعَلَ) • إِسْتِعْمَالٌ = إِسْتِفْعَالٌ

11. The Active Participleاسم الفاعل • Meaning and Use • Noun: the doer of the action of the verb • To write = writer • كاتِبّ = كَتَبَ • Adjective: attributes the description of the verb’s meaning to the noun it modifies • To be clear (verb) = clear (adjective) • واضح = وضح

12. Active Participles • Measure I • Sound verbs • كاتب = كتب • Hollow verbs • قائل = قال (قول) • Assimilated verbs • واضح = وضح • Defective verbs • قاضٍٍ (القاضي) = قضى • Doubled verbs • مارّ = مرّ

13. Active Participles • Active Participles for Measures II-X • Formed by adding the prefix مُ and voweling the second radical of the root with the kesra • II – مُدَرِّس • III – مُقاتِل • IV – مُثمِر • V – مُتعلِّم • VI – مُتنازِع • VII – مُنسحِب • VIII – مُرتفِع • IX - مُحْمَرّ • X - مُستعمِل

14. The Passive Participleاسم المفعول • Meaning and Use • Something that has undergone the action of the verb • Noun • To employ = employee (one who has been employed) • مُوَظَّف = وَظّف • Adjective • To write = written (something that has been written) • مَكْتوب = كتب

15. Passive Participles • Measure I • Sound verbs • مَكْتوب = كتب • Hollow verbs • مَزور = زار (زور) • مَبيع = باع (بيع) • Assimilated verbs • مَوْجود = وجد • Defective Verbs • مَقضيّ = قضي • مَدْعوّ = دعا • Doubled Verbs • مَحْقوق = حقّ

16. Passive Participles • Passive Participles for Measures II-X • Formed by adding the prefix مُ and voweling the second radical of the root with a fatha • II – مُوظَّف • III – مُناقَش • IV – مُعلَن • V – مُتَكَلَّم • VI – مُتَقابُل • VIII – مُقترَح • X –مُستعمَل

17. The Noun of Place and Timeاسم المكان و الزمان • Meaning and use • Show the location or time of the action of the verb • Patterns for Measure I • مَقْعَدٌ = مَفْعَلٌ • مَجْلِسٌ = مَفْعِلٌ • مَدْرَسَةٌ = مَفْعَلَةٌ • Patterns for Measures II-X follow the pattern of the passive participle • مُخْتَبَرٌ • مُسْتَقْبَلٌ

18. Other Derived Nouns • Part II • Nouns of Instance • Nouns of Intensity and Profession • Nouns of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vessels • Relative Adjectives (Nisba) • Nouns of Concept (Feminine Nisba)

19. The Noun of Instanceاسم المرّة • Meaning and Use • Nouns of Instance are used to indicate one occurrence of the meaning of the verb. • To strike = a strike or hit • ضَرْبة = ضَرَبَ • To punch = a hit or punch • لَكْمة = لَكَمَ • To sit = session • جَلْسة = جَلَسَ

20. The Noun of Intensity and Professionاسم المبالغة • Meaning and Use • Nouns of Intensity and Profession denote intensive meaning of the active participle. • Verb = Active Participle = Noun of Intensity/Profession • To do = Doer = Effective (Done very well) • فَعَّال = فَاعِل = فَعَلَ • To cook = one who is cooking = chef (professional cook) • طَبَّاخ = طَابِخ = طَبَخَ • To steal = thief = professional thief • سَرَّاق = سَارِق = سَرَقَ • To shoot = shooter = sharpshooter • قَنَّاص = قانص = قَنَصَ

21. Nouns of Intensity and Profession • فَعيلٌ • زَعيم, خَبير • كَبير, حَديث • Other patterns Schulz pg. 74

22. The Noun of Instruments, Vehicles, and Vesselsاسم الآلة و الوعاء • Meaning and Use • The feminine form of the Nouns of Intensity and Profession often denote Instruments and Vehicles. • Verb = Noun of Intensity/Profession = Noun of Instrument/Vehicle • فَعَّالة = فَعَّال = فَعَلَ • To dive = professional diver = submarine • غَوَّاصة = غَوَّاص = غاص (غوص) • To wash = launderer (profession) = washing machine • غَسَّالة = غَسَّال = غَسَلَ

23. Nouns of Instrument, Vehicles and Vessels • Other patterns • مِدْفَعٌ = مِفْعَلٌ • مِفْتَاحٌ = مِفَعالٌ • مِجْرَفةٌ = مِفْعَلةٌ • جَرَّافةٌ = فَعَّالةٌ • For more examples and patterns see Schulz pg. 77-79

24. The Relative Adjectiveالنسبة • Meaning and Use • By adding the suffix يّ or يّة to nouns, the noun becomes an adjective related to the noun’s original meaning. • بغداديّة بغداديّ = بغداد • امريكيّة امريكيّ = امريكا • اردنيّة اردنيّ = الاردن • قاهريّة قاهريّ = القاهرة • وطنيّة وطنيّ = وطن • جامعيّة جامعيّ = جامعة

25. The Noun of Conceptالنسبة المؤنّثة • Meaning and Use • The Feminine Nisba is formed by adding the suffix يّة to a noun, and it is often used to denote an abstract idea or concept. • Expression = Expressionism • تعبيريّة = تعبير • Capital = Capitalism • رأسماليّة = رأسمال • Nation = Nationalism • وطنيّة = وطن

26. Bibliography • All the Arabic You Never Learned the First Time Around by Jim Price • A Student Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic by Eckehard Schulz