History of Western Civilization

1. History of Western Civilization

3. Prehistoric Art • Lascaux Cave Paintings- 15,000-11,000 B.C. • Chauvet Cave Drawings- 28,000 B.C • Venus of Willendorf - 25,000 B.C. • Stonehenge - 3,000-2,000 B.C.

4. The Fertile Crescent- MesopotamiaThe Earliest Civilizations

5. Sumeria - early as 4500 B.C • Ziggurat- a stepped mountain made of brick-covered earth • Ziggurat at Ur- 2100 B.C. (reproduction shown below) • Tower of Babel- c. 3500 B.C.

6. Sumeria • Bull-headed lyre soundbox. • Ur, Iraq c. 2685 B.C. • Sumerian Votive figures

7. The Akkadian Period (ca. 2350–2150 B.C.) • Sargon of Akkad- • c. 2300 B.C.  • King Naram-Sim- c. 2230 B.C. Celebrates military victory

8. The Akkadian Period (ca. 2350–2150 B.C.) • Cuneiform; Writing with wedge-shaped characters. • The earliest known written language

9. Babylonian Period • Code of Hammurabi- 1772 BC • a list of common sense laws etched in stone • Ex. Law #196. "If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one mana of silver. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one half his price.

10. The Age of Empires

11. Assyrian Empire- 2500 BC to 605 BC • Human-headed winged bull and winged lion. ca. 883–859 B.C

12. Neo-Babylonian Empire626 BC - 539 BC • King Nebuchadnezzar- 605 BC – 562 BC

13. Persian Empire 626 BC - 539 BC • Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes 500 B.C.

14. The Art of Ancient Egypt

16. Table of Contents • The Growth of Egyptian Civilization • Three major Periods of Egyptian History • The Pyramids • Temple of Amun • Sculpture and Painting • The Great Sphinx • Hieroglyphics • False Door Stela

17. The Growth of Egyptian Civilization • 7,000 years ago people first settled in the Nile River Valley. • They are the direct ancestors of most Egyptian people. • Because of the Nile River soil deposits they became a society of producers instead of hunters and gatherers. • They started to build more permanent homes of mud, wood and reeds.

18. The Formation of Kingdoms • The settled existence brought increased population in villages and towns. • Towns took over villages and formed kingdoms. • End of the prehistoric period there were only two kingdoms in Egypt: • Lower Egypt – delta region on the Mediterranean Sea • Upper Egypt – Valley in the desert

19. The Formation of Kingdoms • The Egyptian civilization emerged more than 3,000 years before the birth of Christ. • Pharaoh– or ruler, governed with complete authority. • Commerce grew, art flourished and majestic monuments were constructed.

20. Three major Periods of Egyptian History • Each kingdom is divided into dynasties. • Dynasty -was a period during which a single family provided a succession of rulers. • One reign ended with the death of a Pharaoh and another began with the crowning of a successor from the same royal family. • Important to keep the family blood pure.

21. The Old Kingdom • Started around 3100 B.C. • Ruled by a powerful pharaoh named Menes. • Capitol established at Memphis and founded the first 31 Egyptian dynasties • Lasted 500 years when a strong centralized government was established. • Civil war caused the power of the pharaoh to collapse.

22. The Middle Kingdom • Lasted about 250 years • Order and prosperity • Followed by foreign invasion and turmoil • Hyksos invasion and take over • Restored independence • Pharaoh still present but power was diminished.

23. The New Kingdom • Began in 1570 B.C. • Aka Empire • Amenhotep III reached the peak of power and influence. • Thebes became on of the most magnificent royal cities in the world. • Went from a multiple god society to that of one: Aton • Egypt began to be whittled away by enemies.

24. The decline of Ancient Egypt • The new religion died with its founding pharaoh; Akheneton. • The old religion was restored although Egypt’s power was dwindling. • Finally in 30 B.C. Egypt was made a province of Rome

25. The Pyramids

26. Influence of Religion • Resurrection of the soul of “ka” • The ka (spirit or soul) was born with the body and remained there until death. • Upon the death the ka would leave temporarily but late return to the body and travel to the next life. • The body would be embalmed, wrapped and stored in the pyramids until the ka returned. • Assurance against final death

27. Influence of Religion • Ra- the sun god, represented by the falcon, • Osiris- the god of the Nile and ruler of the underworld • Isis- The great mother god

28. The Pyramids as Tombs • Most impressive were built for Pharaohs • The people saw them as gods and expected to be united with other gods • His body was sealed in a sarcophagusor stone coffin. • Placed with treasures in the center of the pyramid. • To an Egyptian the destruction of the body was the most horrible for of vengeance

29. Mummification • In the Prehistoric Egypt, bodies were buried in deserts because they would naturally be preserved by dehydration. • this old man from 5000 years ago was not mummified, and yet he is perfectly preserved because he was buried in dry sand • The main process of mummification was preserving the body by dehydrating it using natron, a natural material found in Wadi Natrun which is like a combination of baking soda and salt • This process took 40 days

30. Mummification • The body is drained of any liquids and left with the skin, hair and muscles preserved.[12] • This process was available for anyone who could afford it. It was believed that even those who could not afford this process could still enjoy the afterlife with the right reciting of spells. The most classic and common method of mummification dates back to the 18th Dynasty. The first step was to remove the internal organs and liquid so that the body would not decay. The embalmers took out the brain by inserting a sharp object in the nostril, breaking through it into the brain and then liquefying it. They threw out the brain because they thought that the heart did all the thinking. The next step was to remove the internal organs, the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines, and place them in canopic jars with lids shaped like the heads of the protective deities, the four sons of Horus. The heart stayed in the body, because in the hall of judgment it would be weighed against the feather of Maat. After the body was washed with wine, it was stuffed with bags of natron. The dehydration process took 40 days. • The second part of the process took 30 days. This was the time where the deceased turned into a semi divine being, and all that was left in the body from the first part was removed, followed by applying first wine and then oils. The oils were for ritual purposes, as well as preventing the limbs and bones from breaking while being wrapped. The body was sometimes colored with a golden resin. This protected the body from bacteria and insects. This was also based on the belief that divine beings had flesh of gold. The body was wrapped in bandages with amulets while a priest recited prayers and burned incense. The dressing provided physical protection and the wealthier even had a burial mask of their head. The 70 daysare connected to Osiris and the length the star Sothis was absent from the sky. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_burial_customs

31. Mastaba – a low flat tomb made of sun-dried bricks. Step pyramid- Several mastaba stacked on top of each other. Step Pyramid of King Zoser: 2680 b.c. Pyramids, built without steps from limestone blocks weighing over a ton each. Evolution of the Pyramid Shape

32. The Pyramid of Khufu, Giza c. 2545-2520 • The largest Pyramid in the World. Covers almost 13 acres • 5 of the worlds largest cathedrals could be placed inside its base with room to spare. • 2.3 million blocks of stone • 480 feet high • Equal to a 48 story building • Almost perfectly square • http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/khufu.html

33. Temple of Amon • Temple of the all powerful chief god of Thebes. • Entranceway flanked byobelisks, four sided pointed stone shafts. • Statues of the pharaohs and huge banners opened onto an uncovered courtyard. • Great halls lie behind the courtyard • Sanctuary was a small, dark, mysterious chamber where only the pharaoh and certain priests were allowed to enter • Built in new kingdom as proof of the genius of the architects • http://www.eyelid.co.uk/karnakb.htm

34. Temple of Amon • The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak was begun during the reign of King Seti I (c.1290-1279 B.C.E.) and was completed by his son, Ramesses II (c.1279-1213 B.C.E.). The central row of 12 columns on the east-west axis are 69 feet/21 meters in height, about 33 feet/10 meters in circumference, and have open papyrus capitals.

35. Sculpture and Painting • Egypt’s most impressive achievements in the field of art were the publicly visible pyramids and temples. • Within the pyramids were sculptures and paintings. Most have survived over the centuries.

36. Sculpture and the “ka” • Pyramids were robbed despite all the precautions taken. • Pharaohs bodies were sometimes mutilated. • Carved likenesses were placed within the tomb to insure that the “ka” would still have a body to reunite with.

37. The Great Sphinx • 4th Dynasty pharaoh Khafre’s head placed on the body of a reclining lion. • Massive size was intended to demonstrate the power of the pharaoh. • Carved from rock at the site. • Why do you think the pharaoh’s head was placed on the body of a lion. • http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/the-great-sphinx.html

39. Portrait of Khafre • Seated portrait carved in hard diorite stone • Body rigid and attentive but the head is more lifelike. • Throne is inscribed with symbols proclaiming him the king of Upper & Lower Egypt • Right hand forms a fist which must have held a symbol of his high office. • A falcon (Horus – god of the sky) is placed behind Khafres head to prove his divinity. Descendent of Re, the sun god.

40. Middle Kingdom • Most of the sculpture of this period was destroyed by invading Hyksos and by the New Kingdom rules who followed. • But what remains shows the pharaohs as softer more gentler rulers. • Features became softer and more realistic. • This style carried into the New Kingdom.

41. Akhenaton and Nefertiti – 18th dynasty • Sculptures depicted more realistic features • Elongated head, pointed chin, Heavy lips, Long slender neck • Shown in everyday scenes like playing with his daughters.

42. Akhenaton and Nefertiti – 18th dynasty

43. Rules of Egyptian Art • Every part of the body be shown from the most familiar side • For this reason, the head, arms, legs and feet were shown in profile • Eyes and shoulders were shown from the front • Substitutes for actual bodies (“ka”) • Strict set of rules developed to show all parts of the body

44. Middle Kingdom Painting • During the Middle Kingdom painting became it own separate art form. • Too expensive to carve stone. • Tombs were covered with plaster • Lines were drawn and characters were placed within the lines to tell a story. • Bright colors were used to keep the walls vibrant. • This method resulted in a style similar to that of contemporary comic strips.

45. Nakht and his Wife • The priest and his wife are much larger figures to show that Nakht and his wife are more important

46. Hieroglyphics • Hieroglyphics – an early form of picture writing. • Symbols that communicated information and were included in wall paintings and other art forms to help tell the story. • Created attractive patterns. • Write you name or message in hieroglyphics using the provided sheet. • http://www.eyelid.co.uk/hiromenu.htm

47. Rosetta Stone • The Rosetta Stone is a Ptolemaic age granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

49. False Door Stela • Painted on the walls of the tomb’s was a false door which the ka would pass through in search of offerings. • Servants were painted along the side offering food and drink for the ka. • Outside influences started to encroach on Egypt’s art and near the end it lost its uniqueness.

50. Resources • Getlin, M. (2010). Living with art. Opening up to the world, pages 524 thru 531. McGraw Hill. Chicago. • Miller, G. (2000). Art in focus. The Art of Ancient Egypt, pages 146 thru 164. Glencoe. Chicago.