Romans Roamed the world The roman empire

1. The Romans ruled the whole Mediterranean region. They were the strongest and greatest nation. Their empire lasted 1,229 years. Romans Roamed the world The roman empire

2. Roman Numerals Conversions: I = 1 II = 2 III = 3 IV = 4 V = 5 VI = 6 VII= 7 VIII = 8 IX = 9 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 • The Romans came up with the roman numerals • They used letters from their alphabet to denote the numbers • There was no numeral for zero • Today, the numerals are rarely used in everyday life • However, we still see them on outlines, clocks, books to show a new chapter or page numbers (ex. Romeo and Juliet)

3. The Alphabet The Roman alphabet, also known as Latin, is what use today many parts of the world, especially the Western part of the world and Europe, still use today. It was first introduced by the Latin tribes who founded Rome. This alphabet evolved from the Greek Cumae alphabet The ancient Romans only used 23 letters in their alphabet (all the letters we use today except 3). The letters “J,” “U,” and “W” were added later during the Middle Ages Almost all of our English words, and from other European languages today, come from the Roman alphabet

4. The Roman Calendar Ancient Rome’s Calendar Our Western calendar that we use today is based on the Roman’s calendar. The months’ names come from Roman names. • Had 10 months • Winter’s 2 months were not included because they were periods of inactivity • Julius Caesar introduced the idea of the year consisting of 365.25 days, based on the Egyptian calendar • He added an extra day every 4 years on the month of February • He determined that every month to be 30 or 31 days, except for February • February stayed 28 days long because it is believed that it was sacred to the deities of the Underworld, who would’ve been mad at any change to their annual schedule • After Julius died, Quintilis, the 5th month of the year was renamed Julius in his honor

5. Roman Art • Sculpture • Statuary and relief sculptures from ancient Rome have survived through the ages more intact than most paintings • Made of various materials including concrete, marble, and bronze • Subjects included emperors, mythical characters, battles, and scenes from everyday life Roman art was influenced greatly by the Greeks and Etruscans

6. Roman Art (Cont.) • Painting • Came from ancient villas where the most wealthy Romans lived • Paintings with Christian subjects also exist • Art scholars classified paintings into four different styles • 1st style: shows how painters copied certain kinds of stone ex. Marble • 2nd style: show entire scenes on the wall, sometimes scenes from mythical stories • 3rd style: shows a single small mythical scene floating in a void of one color and framed by an architectural structure • 4th style: a combination of the first three styles This is the Ixion Room in the House of the Vettii in Pompeii. This painting demonstrates how the four three styles were used.

7. Roman Art (Cont.) • Mosaic • Early Romans and Etruscans did not use the mosaics, but examples of Republican mosaics were found in Roman homes • Imperial Rome used mosaics • ex. A floor mosaic was found in the Baths of Neptune in Ostia. He is riding a horse-drawn chariot and is surrounded by figures of men and sea creatures • Early Roman Christians made many mosaics to teach people about their beliefs and stories • ex. In the mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Christ is shown in a scene as a shepherd, wearing purple and gold. He’s holding a cross and has a halo around his head. A group of sheep sit around him

8. Concrete/Cement Concrete/Cement Made from tufa volcanic rock Replaced the cut-stone construction of the Greeks, and became the primary building material Strong Could span great distances in molding space Did not require skilled labor, therefore was cheaper Fast to construct Baked bricks and marble were used to cover the surface of the concrete walls Is considered the Roman contribution most relevant to the modern world This tufa rock could easily be made into powder, and with some water, gravel, and sand, cement.

9. ARCHITECTURE • Built to impress and be majestic as well as functional • First built with timber, then changed to stone and marble • Took thousands to built the great structures • Marble was primary building material, used to build almost all buildings • Dome • Provided large covered public space (ex. Public baths) • Based much of their architecture on domes (ex. Hadrian Pantheon, Baths on Caracalla) • Today, not used frequently • Used to show elegance in government buildings • Arch • Adopted form Greeks • Helped the construction of many aqueducts throughout the empire • ex.) Romans used arches to build their bridges, some still survive today and are still used • Today, arches are seen everywhere • used today to support substantial weight, reducing stress on columns significantly Origins of Roman architecture can be traced to Etruscans

10. Examples Of Roman Architecture Pantheon (Dome) Roman Arch

11. Sports and Entertainment • Gladiators • They were professional fighters who fought against other enemies, wild animals, and slaves • These were fought in front crowds in huge arenas • Campus • This was the town where “track and field” was held • There was foot racing, jumping, archery, wrestling and boxing • After, all the participantes would jump in the Tiber River for a bath

12. Sports and Entertainment (Cont.) • Circuses • Circuses in Rome are much different than circuses today • In Rome, circuses were arenas where wrestling, races, and other sports took place • Chariot Races • Chariot races were the most popular sports in ancient Rome • There were four different teams; the blues, greens, whites, and reds. If a charioteer won he bacame famous throughout Rome.

13. Religion • At first, Romans were pantheists: they believed in spirits that lived in plants, animals, and in the ground • As Rome become a more powerful Republic, they started to borrow the Greek religion and worship Greek gods • Later, Romans adapted the ancient Egyptian goddess, Isis, to help fertilize their land • Christianity spread across the Roman Empire. • Emperors persecuted Christians for refusing to make sacrifices, which then alienated Christians from Romans

14. Sanitation In Rome • Aqueducts • An aqueduct is a channel for conducting water by means of gravity • The aqueducts carried water to Rome form mountain springs as far as 30 miles away • There were eleven aqueducts that carried water throughout Rome • From mountain streams and springs, they brought about 97 million gallons of water to Rome each day as far as 57 miles • They were used for drinking, washing, flushing the sewer systems, and filling the emperor’s fish pond This is the Cloaca Maxima. Most of the network of sewers linked to the Cloaca Maxima. It was Rome’s main sewer built to drain marshlands between the Palatine and Capitoline hills.

15. Sewage System • This system was designed by using the 11 aqueducts • The sewer system was covered by stones • Waste that was flushed from the toilets or latrines went through a main channel and into a river or stream • Other waste sources traveled through an intricate set of channels set up underground • This was an extremely efficient system

16. Map of Aqueducts and Sewage System

17. Roads • 50 thousand miles of roads connected parts of the Roman Empire • The old and most famous road was the Via Appia, it was more than 350 miles long, 35 ft. wide, and very straight • Roman roads survived throughout the centuries, long after the fall of the Roman Empire • ex.) the Via Appia was so well built, some parts of it are still in use • Roads through rainy areas had arched surfaces • They were higher in the center than the sides • This shape let rainwater drain off quickly, so that it didn’t soak in and damage the pavement • Most roads had drainage ditches at sides of road • They had a sturdy foundation • 5 ft. thick • made of packed earth and layers of stone blocks, broken stone, sand, and other material • Paved with blocks of cut stone Via Appia

18. FIRST TRUE MEAT EATERS -The climate in Rome was mild, Mediterranean climate. -The Romans were the first people to give out welfare. • Romans grew olives, grapes, grain, and livestock • They produced so much grain, they don’t need to trade with other nations as much • They fed their grain to their livestock • Romans raised sheep, goats, and pigs

19. Greatest Army in the World • The Roman Army conquered all the nations in the Mediterranean region. • Romans believed they ruled the world, which was true • Being in the army was a privilege • They had the strongest army, with their strong weapons and armor. • Its central location was in the Mediterranean Sea. This allowed Rome to get control of all the nations in the Mediterranean, because they were right in the middle of the nations. • After conquering places, they didn’t make their enemies slaves like other civilizations had. The Romans made them citizens. This was smart of them, because it made the newly citizens loyal to Rome.

20. Army Weapons • Swords • Spatha-could be any sword • Generally a long sword used in the late 2nd or early 3rd century because it was more efficient than the gladius • Gladius: a short stabbing sword used for close combat • Onager • Extremely similar to a catapult • It had a fixed base and an arm wound in twined hair • This provided the tension in order to launch the projectile • A payload, a projectile, was placed in a small pocket at the end of the arm

21. Army Weapons (cont.) • Javelin • It was a throwing weapon • It had an iron tip, heavy handle, and it was soft in the middle so it could travel faster • Feared because of its accuracy • Made so that the enemy could not throw it back once it was thrown by the Romans • Scorpion: worked like a crossbow and threw large javelins • Ballista: a large crossbow-type weapon (6 meters tall) that could hurl 50lbs. over 500 meters • Battering ram: used to attack gates • Was swung by two teams on men

22. Army Armor Roman armor was designed to protect the soldier mainly from projectiles like spears, javelins, arrows, swords, or daggers. • body armor varied depending on rank and position • Scutum (shield): • Was a curved oval shape • Made from wood, covered with canvas and leather • Weighed 10kg (about 22lbs.) • Scale armor: a covering of small metal scales sewn to a fabric backing • Wired together in horizontal rows • Used during the Republic • Chain mail armor: a covering for the chest and torso of interlinked metal rings • Made the armor flexible and strong, most weapons couldn’t penetrate it • Used during the Republic and throughout the Roman Empire

23. Army Armor (cont.) • Vest: included hooks and ties made out of metal • Belt: holds sword • came with an apron to protect the lower stomach area • Manica: armguards • Greave: sheet metals protecting the legs • Sandals: made of leather • The soles had iron hobnails to make them last longer • Helmet: included cheek pieces, head guard, ear pieces, brow band, and neck guard • Made of bronze • Under the armor, soldiers wore tunics made of wool

24. Army Training Discipline • Must state the military oath: “The soldiers swear to perform with enthusiasm whatever the emperor commands, never to desert, and not to shrink from death on behalf of the roman state” • The first thing soldiers were taught to do was march in a line to keep the army a compact fighting unit • The Roman soldier had to be able to march 24 miles in 5 hours carrying a 60 lb. pack • Must practice running so that he could advance on enemy with greatest speed possible and overtake them • Long and high jumps were also practiced so they would cross ditches or scale difficult objects • Soldiers also needed to know how to swim. If their camp was near water, they would be made to swim. • Taught to use the bow and arrow and javelin:trained soldiers to throw them with proper aim and force • Soldiers were even trained to throw stones because the wound stones caused were fatal w/o any loss of blood • Was a strict system of rewards and punishments • Order and discipline was maintained in the army by fear • Sentries who fell asleep was beaten or stoned to death • Punished with death for desertion, mutiny, insubordination • Corporal punishment, monetary fine, added duty, reduction in rank, or dishonorable discharge from service were all forms of minor punishments • Practice decimation: execution by colleagues • If there was a coward in a Roman unit, all the soldiers would pick a straw and whoever got the shortest straw was killed even if he was not the coward

25. Army Tactics • soldiers were divided into legions that had 5000 men in each legion • Within the legions, soldiers were divided further into centuries that had 80 men • intercepting the supplies en route. • the amount of supplies that could reach the enemy was drastically reduced • build a wheeled tower higher than the walls, and use that to place the troops on top of the wall. • While not attempting to mount the wall, archers could climb to the top of the tower to increase their range • The main goal for the Roman army was to cut off their opponent from his resources • The first method was to destroy the resources themselves • This gave them more food and also prevented them from falling into their opponent’s hands • The second method was the most famous one: the siege • When the enemy holed up in a city or fort, the army would surround the city and begin constructing the various parts of their siege arsenal • they would build another wall around the city, out of range of the archers, to keep the enemy from escaping. • They would use onagers to throw stones and spears from safe distances

26. Government • Julius Caesar was also a ruler of Rome, but he ruled as a dictator, not an emperor • Emperors were very important in Roman history even though they weren’t part of the government in the beginning of the empire

27. Roman Republic • Form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state • The Roman Government had 3 branches • Assembly of Centuries: all members of army: term of 1 year • The Senate: 100 members, most important and most powerful branch: term of lifeThe Assembly of Tribes: 35 tribes, 31 rural 4 urban: term of 1 year • Assembly of tribes: 35 tribes, 31 rural 4 urban: term of 1 year

28. Credits By: Colin Sullivan, Zane Tatro, Jack Murphy, and Cindy Trinh World History Mrs. Greenblatt June 8, 2011 Period 7