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Understanding History

Understanding History. Facilitated by: Ringo M. Cenda ñ a. Definition of History. The broadest meaning of history is the study of the past The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history. Challenge and Response Theory by Arnold Toynbee.

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Understanding History

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  1. Understanding History Facilitated by: Ringo M. Cendaña

  2. Definition of History • The broadest meaning of history is the study of the past • The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history

  3. Challenge and Response Theory by Arnold Toynbee • Man responds to situation before him and acts based on his thoughts • Society’s way of facing the challenges depending on capabilities uncovers pattern of society’s history • Failure of a civilization to survive was the result of inability to respond to challenges

  4. Exchange Theory by Alvin Scaff • Exchange of goods between individuals, groups, organizations and nations • Idea of interchange is based on barter system which links to alliances of people and communities and nations

  5. George Hegel • Weltgiest or world spirit, embodies patriotism, heroism and unity • Geisteswissenchaften, historical individuals are ideals and man follows his ideals • Naturwissenchaften (antithesis), opposite of Geisteswissenchaften(thesis) • Combination of the two makes the complete history (synthesis)

  6. Economic Theory, Karl Marx • Economy determines the fate of the individuals/nations • Trade gave importance to Filipino People affecting other aspects not only economic • God, Gold and Glory

  7. Sources of History • In writing history, the historian not only relies on past thoughts rather reenacts it in the context of analyzing the documents and other records left • Classifications of History: Primary and Secondary

  8. Primary • The ones who witnessed the events or have taken part of the events • Written records: narratives, manuscripts, public documents, letters, diaries • Fossils, artifacts and testimony from witnesses

  9. Secondary The ones not have been part of the event such as magazine, newspapers, pamphlets, and articles written about the primary sources

  10. Prehistory • A term given by 19th century French scholars covers the past human experiences prior to the existence of written records • The basic source of prehistory is archaeology, a sub discipline of anthropology (the study of all aspects of human life and culture) • Archaeology is the study of past cultures

  11. Prehistory • Archaeologists study artifacts (material equipment made by people of the past like tools, pottery and jewelry) and fossils (preserved remains of plants, animals and people of a remote geological past • Archaeology gives us an idea how things might have looked like at a particular time • Cultural artifacts may be looked at as concrete expressions of the ancient settlers’ way in dealing with the problem of adaptation to the environment

  12. Prehistory • Their achievements in material and social culture show much of their behavior, values, and beliefs as well as their intellectual maturity • Unfortunately, the reconstruction of Philippine prehistory will always be incomplete. Why?

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