Understanding the History of South Africa & Apartheid

1. Understanding the History of South Africa & Apartheid

2. Early HistoryA Time Line • 1806 – British seize Cape of Good Hope • 1867 – Discovery of Gold • 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds • 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers) • 1902 – The beginning of apartheid • 1990’s – The end of apartheid

3. South Africa • Twice the size of Texas

4. 1996 Population 40, 583, 611 2003 Population 42, 768, 678 Population Growth Rate = .01% 2010 Population 51.19 million Reasons for Low Population Growth Rate: Life expectancy = 46 years 50% live below poverty 20% of adults have AIDS Population Statistics

5. Population by Race • “Colored” is a term used for mixed black, Malayan, and white descent • Asian population is mainly Indian ancestry

6. South African Cities • Capitals • Pretoria • Cape Town – legislative center • Bloemfontein – judicial center

7. “Jo’Burg” TodayJohannesburg Suburb of Jo’Burg

8. LANGUAGES Afrikaans English Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana * Venda Xhosa Zulu PROVINCES Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng Kwa Zulu – Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North-West Northern Cape Western Cape Languages / Provinces

9. World’s Largest Producer… • Gold • Platinum • Chromium • Diamonds

10. Apartheid Apartheid = “Separateness” The separation of races

11. HendrikVerwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 “Architect of Apartheid”

12. Policies of Apartheid: “policy of good neighbourliness” • Moved apartheid to “separate development” • 13% of S. Africa’s land = HOMELANDS • The remaining = major mineral areas and cities were reserved for the Afrikaan population

13. Rural vs. Urban • Group Acts of 1950 & 1986 • 1.5 Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations • 1961 – Pressure from UN caused South Africa to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations

14. Homelands • “Reservations” or “Bantustans” • Verwoerd established 9 African groups • Each was to become a nation within its own homeland • Africans had rights and freedoms • Outside the homelands, treated as aliens • Poor quality land with erosion • Completely incapable of supporting large populations

15. Houses in Soweto, a black township.

16. Called "a black spot" because it is in a "white" area. Eventually demolished and the inhabitants forced to move to identically numbered houses in "resettlement" villages in their designated "homelands.“ Millions of black South Africans were forcibly "resettled" in this way. Umbulwana, Natal in 1982.

17. Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites • No right to vote • No ownership of land • No right to move freely • No right to free speech • No right to protest the government

18. Images of Apartheid

19. Images of Apartheid

20. Apartheid separated the whites from the non-whites

25. The Pass Book • Needed special permits to live outside of reservations, but not with family • Lived in Townships (the city’s perimeter) • Curfew regulations • Passbook raids • Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

28. Resistance and Protests Apartheid is Challenged

29. Nelson Mandela • Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.” • Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

30. 1960 Sharpeville Massacre • In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed • This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

31. Student Uprising: 1976 • Black students were forced to learn in Afrikaans. • Protests against Afrikaans started. • More than 500 black students killed by white policemen. • More than a thousand men, women and children wounded. By Mzoli Mncanca

32. Steve Biko A young Black leader Grave in King Williams Town, South Africa. Died in police detention in 1977. During the inquest into his death, strong evidence was presented that he suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his detention.

33. 1985 Demonstration • In 1985 an International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was organized. The demonstration was held at Langa Township in Uitenhage. The day commemorates the anniversary of the March 21, 1960 massacre.

34. 1985 Demonstration • The message was simple: “Freedom in Our Lifetime!”

35. “I was made by the law, a criminal, not because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of what I thought, because of my conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody that such conditions make a man an outlaw of society?” Nelson Mandela

36. Nelson Mandela in Prison Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

38. 1994 • Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa • Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa • International sanctions • Decreased labor force • Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. • First multiracial election • Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999)

39. A New Government Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.

41. Journal Entry #1 On the following slide, you will see a list of Grand Apartheid Laws. After reading through them, choose the one type of law that you think you would have had the hardest time dealing with and would have protested if you were a native in South Africa. Write the law down in your journal and explain why you think that law would have affected you the most. Why do you think that the native South Africans didn’t resist these laws more than they did?

42. Grand Apartheid Laws • THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. • THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. • THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between 1950-1985, 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime. • THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. • THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested.

43. Challenges facing South Africatoday • High rate of unemployment • Inequality with a racial overlay • Lastly, poverty especially to those who were disadvantaged before democracy. In schools : • Endemic to rural areas including overcrowding, poor school infrastructure (including collapsing ceilings and broken windows), high student to teacher ratio, long walk to get to school and lastly, the lack of teaching and learning resources.

44. Works Cited The World Factbook 2003: South Africa. www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sf.html. CIA. 10 April 2004. Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research. 10 April 2004. - South Africa History - Apartheid History - Nelson Mandela HUMAN RIGHTS Historical images of Apartheid in South Africa http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm. United Nations Photo. 17 November 2004.