POP MUSIC CHAPTER 16

1. POP MUSICCHAPTER 16 Fifties Pop and Folk Rock

2. American Bandstand • American Bandstand •  https://youtu.be/b8dEn6qCecg?list=PL7ds43SisJYqCuyqAx_WKTyyBFIQOAhjw

3. 1948 Billboard • Rhythm and Blues and Country Music earned their own listing when the “race” record category was eliminated.

4. 1954 Billboard • Three stylistic categories for their ratings – Pop, Rhythm and Blues, and Country Music • As the youngest generation gained influence, the boundaries between these categories began to blur – youthful white performers occupied spots on the pop and rhythm and blues charts, young white performers were on the pop and country charts and black artists were on the pop and R&B charts

5. The Music Business • Dominated by musical theater and similar music, until the emergence of rock • Up to this point commercial music was aimed at white, middle-aged, middle-class urbanites – the music and its artists, like its target audience, became predictable, polite and stuck to reliable formulas

6. The Business • The few black artists that were accepted into the mainstream were only successful because they conformed to the existing standards

7. Country Music • Country music fared better, with Hollywood cowboys helping its image • Country music in the 1950s however was just as conservative and inoffensive as pop

8. Emergence of Rock • With the emergence of rock, the industry saw an unprecedented infiltration of black and young white artists performing black material • At first industry leaders fought against it, but eventually accepted the new trend – they then attempted to make it fit with their existing practices • One such attempt was to take neat, wholesome white artists and have them cover early rock songs in a watered-down manner • This actually had the opposite effect by increasing public awareness of the original versions 

9. Pat Boone • Built a career on performing polite renditions of music by Fats Domino, Little Richard and Nat King Cole • Ain’t That a Shame • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8dx0oE--VI • People have typically looked down on such practices in the past, but because rock music was still in its infancy, it wasn’t as big of a deal

10. Pat Boone, cont. • In 1997 he recorded an album of metal covers in big band style  • Smoke On The Water  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFDIrwOUdrw • Paradise City  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeKjmB2DaAs

11. Chapter 16 – Fifties Pop and Folk Rock Rock and Radio

12. Radio • After World War II, television became a viable medium • Networks essentially abandoned radio • Radio returned to broadcasting mainly music, typically of local interest (country or rhythm and blues) • Radio became an effective way to promote rock and roll, first locally, then nationally

13. Disc Jockeys • Up to this point disc jockeys mainly played music and made a few announcements • With radio’s new role in the 1950s DJs became stars in their own right • They began linking themselves more closely to the music they played, playing music and broadcasting live from events • Very soon the top 40 format was created • This format involves the constant rotation of only the 40 top-rated songs according to Billboard magazine • This ensured that whenever listeners tuned in, they would hear something they liked

14. Disc Jockeys, cont. • This practice made radio exposure very competitive for record labels and made radio DJs extremely powerful in influencing the next big hit • This eventually leads to record labels bribing disc jockeys to play and give special attention to their music – known as payola • Payola – the covert buying of airplay privileges • FCC investigates in 1960 and it becomes something of a scandal

15. PAYOLA • in the American music industry, is the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on music radio in which the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast. Under U.S. law, 47 U.S.C.§ 317, a radio station can play a specific song in exchange for money, but this must be disclosed on the air as being sponsored airtime, and that play of the song should not be counted as a "regular airplay". • The term has come to refer to any secret payment made to cast a product in a favorable light (such as obtaining positive reviews).

16. Chapter 16 – Fifties Pop and Folk Rock The Beach Boys

17. Phil Spector - producer • One of his innovations was the girl group • Female vocal groups had been around for a while but not in the area of rock and roll • Basically a female version of the doo-wop group for the 1960’s • They would eventually serve as models for Motown groups such as the Marvelettes and the Supremes • Also created the “Wall of Sound” concept

18. The Wall of Sound • He was notorious for wanting control over every aspect of his music • Sought to create a signature ‘sound’ • The “Wall of Sound” involves a large amount of musicians, most playing the same parts as one another – also used a generous amount of overdubbing and reverb

19. The Wall of Sound • The Wall of Sound is a music production technique for pop and rock music recordings developed by record producerPhil Spector at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, California, during the early 1960s. Working with such audio engineers as Larry Levine and the session musicians who became known as The Wrecking Crew, Spector created a dense, layered, reverberant sound that came across well on AM radio and jukeboxes popular in the era. He created this sound by having a number of electric and acoustic guitarists perform the same parts in unison, adding musical arrangements for large groups of musicians up to the size of orchestras, then recording the sound using an echo chamber.

20. Overdubbing • Overdubbing – technique where musicians are recorded a number of times on different tracks of the tape to be played back simultaneously  • There Goes My Baby- Drifters  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHjZpEbjvos

21. The Beach Boys • Formed in 1961 in Hawthorne California • Consisted of Brian, Carl and Dennis Wilson, Mike Love and Al Jardine • Brian Wilson was the main songwriter; eventually took over production • They released “Surfin’” in 1961; it soon rose to national success • Originally their music drew upon West Coast imagery; surfing, girls, and the endless teenage summer • They weren’t the first or only group to incorporate this into their music – Dick Dale, and the Surfaris

22. The Beach Boys, cont. • Brian Wilson, inspired by Phil Spector began incorporating large amounts of overdubs into his music • After hearing “Rubber Soul” by the Beatles, Brian Wilson is inspired to write an album full of good songs (their previous albums contained filler songs, covers and comedic skits) • The Beach Boys released “Pet Sounds” in 1966 – although it didn’t meet with as much success as “Rubber Soul,” it did help them compete with the Beatles for popularity

23. The Beach Boys • Surfin   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2s4slliAtQU • California Girls (from page 200)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Fviwc3YeG8 •  David Lee Roth version   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmbhfI8f_Ek

24. Characteristics of the Beach Boys’ Music • Lush, often complex vocal arrangements • Polite, cheerful sound • Early music has beach and summertime themes

25. Fifties Folk and Pop Rock FOLK ROCK

26. Urban Folk Revival • As teens graduated from high school, their focus shifted away from cars and proms • In college, some young people turned their attention toward social issues, intellectualism and the arts • Rather than screaming at rock concerts, these fans preferred more intimate venues, such as coffee shops featuring cool jazz, poetry and acoustic American folk music

27. Urban Folk Revival • The urban folk revival is related to rock music mainly because it occurred at the same time as the rise of rock and roll • It is considered a revival because it brought national popularity to American folk songs when the only people listening to it previously were folk music enthusiasts

28. Woody Guthrie • Born in Oklahoma in 1912 • Songs dealt with social reform, particularly the plight of the Oklahoma victims of the Depression and the dust bowl of the 1930s • This Land Is your land http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxiMrvDbq3s

29. Pete Seeger • Influenced by Guthrie’s music • Makes folk music fashionable among the middle class college crowd

30. Pete Seeger • “Goodnight Irene” was a number one hit for 13 weeks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcHLCv6sFFU • This brought folk music into a phase of popularity, but the left-wing politics it promoted caused it to be forced underground by the communist paranoia of the day • If I Had A Hammer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSUsyzUFcKs

31. Crosby, Stills, and Nash • Teach your children (page 203) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztVaqZajq-I

32. BOB DYLAN • Became a passionate devotee of folk music • In 1961 he moved from Indiana to Greenwich Village and tutored with Woody Guthrie • Known for his scratchy, mumbling voice

33. Bob Dylan • His protest songs were relevant to 1960s concerns such as civil rights • He eventually rebelled against his own stardom first by moving from sociopolitical topics to his own inner strife and then by moving to an electric sound • When he first made the change from acoustic to electric, many of his traditional-minded fans were caught by surprise and unhappy

34. Bob Dylan • This however led to other bands using this approach such as the Byrds - 1965 Turn Turn Turn http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaL75qLJyUc • The Tmes They Are A Changin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiHWbTr48I0

35. Bob Dylan • Blowin In The Wind http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWwgrjjIMXA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUX9IcSzHX0 song and lyrics • Lyrics http://www.lyricsfreak.com/b/bob+dylan/blowin+in+the+wind_20021159.html

36. Reminds us of Tom Petty http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUTXb-ga1fo • Wallflowers 6th Avenue Heartache http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXDiGtgPL6E • Van Morrison Brown Eyed Girl http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqXSBe-qMGo

37. John Lennon Working Class Hero http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njG7p6CSbCU • Beatles, You've Got To Hide your Love Away http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAlrFJbGdgw • John was trying to sing like Bob Dylan • Simon And Garfunkel Sounds of Silence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YSh1-XuUKE