What do you need to know about each organism?

1. What do you need to know about each organism? • Recognize it visually based on the specimens seen in lab • Identify the structures labeled during lab • Its classification, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class (to the level learned in lab) • Why is it classified in each category? (synapomorphies) • Importance of the organism to humans (for good or bad)

2. Lab 25: Survey of Protists The Algae

3. Differences in super groups between Textbook and lab manula

4. Study this table and answer the questions on Part I

5. Photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast Chlorophylls are greenish pigments the most important being chlorophyll "a". All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a. A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll "b", only in "green algae" and in the plants. Chlorophyll "c", and is found only in the photosynthetic members of the diatoms as well as the dinoflagellates. The differences between the chlorophylls of these major groups was one of the first clues that they were not as closely related as previously thought.

6. Photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast Carotenoids are usually red, orange, or yellow pigments One very visible accessory pigment is fucoxanthin the brown pigment which brown algae and diatoms. Phycobilins are red pigments and occur only in Cyanobacteria and red algae The pigment phycoerythrin gives the red algae their common name.

7. Different pigments allow different algae to thrive at different depths answer the question on your handout

8. Super group Archaeplastida: Green Algae • Green algae are named for their grass-green chloroplasts • Plants and green algae are closely related • Green algae are a paraphyletic group • The two main groups are the charophytes and the chlorophytes • Charophytes are most closely related to plants

9. Super Group Archaeplastida: Chlorophytes • Procedure 25.1 Chlamydomonas, UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGE • (make your own slide) • follow steps 1-3 (use protoslo) • sketch and label flagella (if visible) • answer Question 1a and 1b

10. Most green algae reproduce by asexual (fission) and sexual reproduction (isogamy)

11. Colonial (filamentous) green algae • Procedure 25.3 Spirogyra (prepared slide, conjugation) • follow step 5, • sketch and label conjugation tube, and zygote • Colonial filamentous algae • Sexual reproduction by conjugation • asexual by fragmentation

12. COLONIAL GREEN ALGAE • Procedure 25.4 Volvox(2 slides, so two sketches) • make your own and prepared slide) • follow steps 1-5, • Sketch each slide and label one daughter colony on each • answer Question 5a-c • Colonial algae • Daughter colonies are the product of asexual reproduction • sexual by oogamy

13. Multicellular green algae: Alternate between a haploid and diploid organism • Just like plants

14. SG Archaeplastida:Phylum Rhodophyta • Usually they are soft but some are encrusted (in coral reefs) • Nori: sheets of a species of red algae

15. Super group Archeaplastida: red algae • Procedure 25.7 samples of red algae • Observe specimens, sketch one

16. Super group Stramenopiles: Brown algae • Kelp forests • provide food and shelter

17. Brown algae Brown algal seaweeds have plantlike structures: the rootlike holdfast, which anchors the alga, and a stemlike stipe, which supports the leaflike blades Some have gas-filled, bubble-shaped floats to keep their photosynthetic structures near the water surface However, unlike plants, brown algae lack true tissues and organs Sketch one brown alga and label: Stipe, and blades

18. Supergroup Stramenopiles: Clade diatoms • Diatoms are unicellular algae • with a unique two-part, • glass-like wall of silica • The most important photosynthetic • organisms on Earth • Base of aquatic food chains and • responsible for 50% of oxygen production

19. Diatoms • Procedure 25.8 (demo slide of diatoms) • Sketch 3 different diatoms from slide

20. Answer in your handout, • Part 1 • What is diatomaceous earth and • How do humans use it?

21. Super group Alveolata: Clade dinoflagellates • Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists • Most species are mixotrophs • Other are heterotrophs or autotrophs • Cell wall is composed of cellulose plates and their • Flagella fit into the grooves of those plates • Dinoflagellates are important • primary producers in oceans (second only to diatoms) • Some • dinoflagellates are bioluminescent, • others live symbiotically • with corals • Red tides: blooms of dinoflagellates • Some species can produce a neurotoxin that • is harmful for vertebrates (fish and mammals) • if consumed HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOM • Some are bioluminescent

22. Super group Alveolata: clade dinoflagellates • Procedure 25.9 (prepare slide of Ceratium) • Sketch one Ceratiumslide • Answer question 9

23. Excavata: Clade Euglenozoan, Euglenids • Unicellular • Euglenids have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell • Some species are mixotrophs; • Includes: Euglena that live in fresh water • Lack cell wall instead has a layer of protein under cell membrane  flexibility

24. Euglena • Procedure 25.10 (make your own and prepared slide of Euglena) • Unicellular algae • Follow steps 1-4 • Sketch live and label flagella and eyespot • sketch prepared and label nucleus • Answer question 10

25. Questions for Further Thought and Study 1-9

26. Your friend plans to open a Japanese restaurant that will feature shellfish. He will need to include _____ and avoid _____. • green algae; diatoms • red algae; dinoflagellates • cercozoans; stramenopiles • plasmodial slime molds; ciliates

27. If you are using fossilized protists to filter water, you are using members of • Excavata. • SAR. • Archaeplastida. • Unikonta.

28. List of specimens