Week 14 Lecture 20 May 2014

1. Week 14 Lecture20 May 2014 Classification of living things

2. Adaptations • The successive presence of traits which are best suited to support an organism to survive in its habitat • Can be: • Structural (related to structure of organism) • Behavioural (related to what organism does to survive) • Physiological (related to how an organism functions on the inside)

3. Evolution • Basis of theory is that all derive from a common ancestor • Shows increasing levels of complexity, as described in vertebrate cladogram below • The large diversity of life is the result of ongoing process of evolution

4. Taxonomy- the classification of living things • Based on grouping organisms according to similarities in physical characteristics • Basic framework was developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735) in ‘SystemaNaturae’) • Relationships between organisms (how they evolved) has been enhanced by genetic studies

5. Principles of classification • Reflects evolutionary distances and relationships between organisms • Organisms that have the same common ancestors are members of the same family tree • Organisms are classified into levels from broadly similar (kingdom) to the same species • At each level certain characteristics will be the same for all organism in that grouping.

6. Levels of classification • Some levels can be divided into sub-levels (eg subclass of mammaliaare the monotremes) • Increasing number of groups at all levels • A species is a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to create viable offspring • A species share the ‘same’ DNA

7. Humans • ½ of all animal species are insects • 4% species are chordates • 0.4% species are mammals

8. Kingdoms • There are five kingdoms (classified according to cellular arrangement, locomotion and method of nutrition • Animalia (sponges, worms, insects fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) • Plantae (mosses, ferns, pines, woody and non-woody flowering plants) • Fungi (fungi, molds, yeasts and smuts) • Viruses and prions • Protista (protozoans and algae) • Monera (bacteria, blue-green algae and spirochetes)

9. Phylum • There are 33 phylum in the animal kingdom • Egs • Athropoda (external skeleton, jointed bodies and limbs such as spiders, insects, centipedes, lobsters) • Mollusca (soft segmented bodies, enclosed in hard shells such as snails) • Chordata (elongated, bilaterally symmetrical bodies, have gills slits at one point in their lives, have a notochord at some stage in their development, have digestive system such as humans, mammals, birds, fish as well as sea squirts)

10. Class • There are 7 classes in the vertebrate phyla. • These classes are grouped according to their skeletal system, environmental adaptation and reproductive system • There are: • Three classes of fish (jawless fish/sharks and rays/bony fish) • Amphibia (frogs, toads and salamanders which live on land and breed in the water) • Reptilia (have lungs, has an amniote, leathery egg including snakes, lizards and alligators) • Aves (amniote egg which is laid off the ground, and include birds) • Mammalia (have live young, feed them milk, have strong jaws, are warm blooded and include primates, whales, platypus etc)

11. Classification of living things • Watch the following You-tube video and note down the levels of classification for species shown Classification of Living Things by Mark Drollinger www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqxomJIBGcY

12. Homework- • Work on your SAE2 case study report! • See conditions of assessment and SAE2 information on wiki • Birds and plastic waste-