A shift in attitudes is necessary in the following areas:

1. This study comes with a need to develop an approach to Muslim people that allows for communication and not conflict. • A shift in attitudes is necessary in the following areas: •  1. From our Greco Roman theological and missiological positions to one that is more Semitic. • 2. To move from the apologetic to the pastoral. • 3. From individualism to Community based approaches. • 4. From exclusive to inclusive. • 5. From a Political approach to a Biblical one. • 6. From an ecclesiastic approach to a Kingdom approach (see Peter Phan). • 7. Understanding Kwame Bediako’s “Theology of Identity”

2. Wansbrough shows • Northern Arabs invade a political vacuum after Romans leave. • These are “Arab Jews” who have contextualised Judaism into a secular or Arab form • Islam forms over a period until 800AD then • clerics take over, ibn Hanbal, Shafi, Maliki, Hanafi Madhabs.

3. Question:To develop a confessional community takes years if not centuries, Christianity took some 33+ years, and was still chaotic until Constantine in 325 summoned the Council of Nicaea. How did Islam come to a rapid confessional and ritualist position so soon after the death of its supposed founder? Was there a short cut?

4. Common Monotheistic Religious Traits • Names and terms for various parts of Islam. • Emblems; initiations rites, acts, rituals • Creeds; membership rules, • Catechisms, dogmatic formulae • Identity, polemic visa sis other communities • Consolidation, conversion • Orthodoxy- instruction

5. Qur’anic complaint • Jews could not be trusted as they had killed the Prophets. • Christians had turned to worshipping three gods. • (Orientalists produced a story that was based upon erroneous texts. Hadis (Schacht-none true, Moh. Only 73 true out of 600,000) or Qur’an. Thus the story is inherently false. Like taking the stories of Terminator and deducing a real figure. Hadis used to controlling and influencing people in the absence of codified law and traditions.)

6. Arab Corrective • The Qur’an seeks to defend Isa al Masih • As Kalimatullah –Word of God • Ruh Allah- Spirit of God • Al Masih- the Messiah • Ibn Mariam- son of Mary

7. Judaism and Islam • The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century AD with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. Because Islam has its foundation in Judaism and share a common origin in the Middle East through Abraham, both are considered Abrahamic religions. There are many shared aspects between Judaism and Islam: Islam is similar to Judaism in its fundamental religious outlook, structure, jurisprudence and practice

8. Abraham • Judaism and Islam are known as "Abrahamic religions • The first Abrahamic religion was Judaism as practiced in the wilderness of the Sinai peninsula subsequent to the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt and continuing as the Hebrews entered the land of Canaan to conquer and settle it.. The firstborn son of Abraham, Ishmael, is considered by Muslims to be the Father of the Arabs. Abraham's second son Isaac is called Father of the Hebrews. In Islamic tradition Isaac is viewed as the grandfather of all Israelites and the promised son of Abraham from his barren wife Sarah.

9. Adam Noah Shem Ham Japheth Abraham Hagar Sarah Keturah Isaac Ishmael (Arab) Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Ishbak, Shuah Esau Jacob/Israel 12 Princes 12 Tribes Moses TIMELINE OF WORLD RELIGION David All the Prophets Palestine (non-Arab) Chinese and Africans Europeans Jesus, the Christ The Seed of Abraham, the last Adam Mohammed Gentiles

10. Shared concepts1. Holy scriptures • Islam and Judaism share the idea of a revealed Scripture. Even though they differ over the precise text and its interpretations, the Hebrew Torah and the Muslim Qur'an share a lot of narrative as well as injunctions. From this, they share many other fundamental religious concepts such as the belief in a day of Divine Judgment.

11. 2. Religious law • Judaism and Islam are unique in having systems of religious law based on oral tradition that can override the written laws and that does not distinguish between holy and secular spheres. In Islam the laws are called ‘Sharia’, In Judaism they are known as ‘Halakha’. Both Judaism and Islam consider the study of religious law to be a form of worship and an end in itself. (Sunni)

12. 3. Rules of conduct • The most obvious common practice is the statement of the absolute unity of God, which Muslims observe in their five times daily prayers (Salah), and Jews state at least twice (Shema Yisrael), along with praying 3 times daily. The two faiths also share the central practices of fasting and almsgiving, as well as dietary laws and other aspects of ritual purity. Under the strict dietary laws, lawful food is called Kosher in Judaism and Halal in Islam.

13. Luke 12:3 What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed from the roofs. Jewish culture lives on!

14. Some thoughts on Judaism and Islam. • Colin Chapman sees three reasons to dis-qualify an association with these two religions. • Mohammed was too creative in adding his own interpretation to the Joseph story Surah 12. • His teaching was influenced by the negative response from the Jews. The change of the Qiblah and the linking of Abraham with Mecca are given as examples. • The Jewish people had special privileges from God. • All these can be countered by taking on board the idea of a theology of identity.

15. Maxime Rodinson. • The name ‘Ishmaelite’ is synonymous to Arabs amongst Christians and Jews: Book of Jubelees 150 BC. Flavius Josephus 100AD. Also called Hagarenes, Agarenians. Jewish text the Sapiencial Poem 2nd part of the book of Baruch called sons of Agar (Baruch 3 v 33) • European Christians thought that the word Saracen came from Sara. ( this they had that association) • Simeon, son of Kamitos, high priest is predecessor of Caiaphas the high Priest is also called Ishmael in the Talmud. • Paul Kruger welcomed Indian merchants in South Africa called them Ishmaelites. • Massignon, using Lammens work, said that Islam “was an Arabic adaption of Biblical monotheism”

16. Ishmael is circumcised, before Isaac, into the Abrahamic covenant. And becomes the champion of the Arab genealogical claim. • The Ishmaelites originate from the NW of Arabia (Nabateans) NOT all Arabs. • NW Arabs used ‘El’ for God, Central and Southern used Allah. Later changed to make a distinction for Arabs. • Snouck Hurgronje shows that it is when Mohammed is in Medina that he discovers the link with Abraham. THERFORE anything Jewish is by way of inheritance and osmosis from visiting traders.

17. Jewish SECTS • The plethora of Jewish sects and their interpretation of the OT. Denominations of Judaism: Jewish movements, often referred to as denominations, branches or sects of Judaism, differ from each other in some beliefs and thus in the way they observe Judaism. Differences between Jewish movements, in contrast to differences between Christian denominations, derive from interpreting Jewish scriptures in more progressive/liberal or more traditional/conservative ways rather then from theological differences.

18. Jewish sects • 1. Orthodox Judaism:Orthodox Jews believe that God gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at Mount Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) • 2. Conservative Judaism:Conservative Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from God, but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component. • 3. Reform Judaism:Reform Judaism believes that the Torah was written by different human sources, rather than by God, and then later combined.

19. 4. Reconstructionist Judaism: Reconstructionists believe that Judaism is an "evolving religious civilization." In one way it is more liberal than Reform Judaism. • 5. Humanistic Judaism:Humanistic Judaism, founded in 1963 in Detroit, Michigan by Rabbi Sherwin T. Wine, offers a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life.

20. SHIA GENEOLOGY FROM ADAM