Understanding Cancer

1. Understanding Cancer Developed by: Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen

2. A) What is cancer? Cancer is the uncontrolled rapid growth and spread of invasive, abnormal cells.

3. Cell Cycle

4. Normal Cell Growth Normal cell division Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage—no repair Cancer cell division Damaged cells are programmed to initiate apoptosis. First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth orlater mutation Uncontrolled growth

5. Repeated genetic cell mutations may lead to loss of apoptosis ability. Cancer cell division Uncontrolled growth First mutation Second mutation Third mutation Fourth orlater mutation

6. B) Characteristics of cancer cellsWhat differences do you observe?

7. Normal Growth: uniform, organized Dead cells shed from outer surface Epidermis Cell migration Dividing cells in basal layer Dermis

8. Tumors (Neoplasms) Underlying tissue

9. Find: • the lung cancer • the normal fibrous tissue • For the hotshots , find: • The largest cancer cell (dead), with its nucleus fragmented • a blood vessel

10. Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=B3EB6D27D608538D9EE4978F8343588428C479E4&first=60&FORM=IDFRIR

11. Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=B3EB6D27D608538D9EE4978F8343588428C479E4&first=60&FORM=IDFRIR

12. Basal cell carcinoma (epidermis) MDBlogger http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=E5A26D97EAC8D6530CD998A7993BD7C6F8B29305&first=120&FORM=IDFRIR

13. Basal cell carcinoma MDBlogger http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=cancer+cells+vs+normal+cells&view=detail&id=E5A26D97EAC8D6530CD998A7993BD7C6F8B29305&first=120&FORM=IDFRIR

15. Normal liver Liver cancer

16. C) Malignant vs.Benign Tumors Benign (not cancer) tumor cells only grow locally Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, metastasize to different sites Time

17. D) Metastasis Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma(initial tumor)

18. E) Kinds of Cancer Leukemias: Bloodstream common carcinomas: Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men) Lymphomas: Lymph nodes common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle

19. F) Cancer Detection

20. Early Stages of Cancer May NOT Have Any Symptoms!

21. Tumor Stages Five-Year Survival Rates forPatients with Melanoma (by stage) 100% 50% I II III Stage at Time of Initial Diagnosis

22. Biopsy Pathology Proteomic profile Patient’stissue sample or blood sample Genomic profile

23. F) Causes of Cancer

24. 1. Tobacco Use and Cancer Some Cancer-Causing Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke

25. 20-Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer Cigarette consumption (men) 4000 3000 2000 1000 150 100 50 Lung cancer (men) Cigarettes Smokedper Personper Year Lung Cancer Deaths (per 100,000 people) 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year

26. 2. Radiation High Dallas Skin Cancer Incidence Pittsburgh Detroit Low Least Most Annual Sunshine (UV radiation)

27. 3. Viruses Virus inserts and changes genes forcell growth Cancer-linked virus

28. Examples of Human Cancer Viruses

29. 4. Cancer Risk and Aging Cancer Risk and Aging 400 300 200 100 Colon Breast Number of Cancer Cases (per 100,000 people) 0 20406080 Age of Person (in years)

30. 5. Heredity and Cancer All Breast Cancer Patients Inherited factors (1 in 20 breast cancer patients) Other factor(s)

31. 6. Environmental carcinogens

32. viruses or bacteria chemicals (carcinogens) Radiation Heredity Diet Hormones

33. G) Cancer: Treatment 1. surgery2. chemotherapy3. radiation

34. 4. hormone therapy 5. biologic therapy (antibody)6. targeted therapy (block blood vessels to tumor)

35. H) Cancer: Prevention cancer

36. Cancer Prevention Carcinogenic chemicals Carcinogenic radiation Cancer viruses or bacteria

37. 1. Avoid Tobacco Lung Cancer Risk Increases with Cigarette Consumption 15x 10x 5x Lung Cancer Risk 0 15 30 Non-smoker Cigarettes Smoked per Day

38. 2. Protect Yourself From Excessive Sunlight

39. 3. Limit Alcohol and Tobacco Intake Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus 40x 30x 20x 10x Risk Increase Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day AND Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day

40. 4a. Limit Fats and Calories Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries 40 30 Number of Cases (per 100,000 people) 20 10 0 80 100 200 300 Grams (per person per day)

41. 4b. Eat Fruits and Vegetables

42. 5. Exercise & maintain healthy body weight

43. 6. Avoid Cancer Viruses HPV Infection Increases Risk for Cervical Cancer High Cervical Cancer Risk Low Noninfected women Women infected with HPV

44. Physical exams & screenings • e.g. mammograms, biopsy

45. 8. Reduce exposures to environmental carcinogens

46. * The 5 year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed between 1996-2002 is 66%, up from 51% in 1975-1977. * The improvement reflects progress in diagnosing cancers at an earlier stage and improvements in treatment. What percentage of people survive cancer?

47. The remaining are extra slides, not part of the outlined notes

48. How Cancer Starts: Genes & Cancer Viruses Radiation Chemicals Heredity Chromosomes are DNA molecules

49. DNA Mutation C A A G C T A A C T DNA Normal gene C A A G C G A A C T Single base change C A A G G C G C T A A C T Additions C T C A A G A A C T Deletions

50. Cancer Genes: Oncogenes Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth Oncogenes accelerate cell growth and division Cancer cell Mutated/damaged oncogene