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Simonetta Corsolini, Silvano Focardi, University of Siena

Victoria Land Transect Project. UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN THE. ECOTOXICOLOGY and ECOPHYSIOLOGY APPROACH:. PNRA Project: 1.3 - Applied ecophysiology and ecotoxicology research for investigating natural and anthropic changes in Antarctic environments. Biomarkers.

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Simonetta Corsolini, Silvano Focardi, University of Siena

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  1. Victoria Land Transect Project UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN THE ECOTOXICOLOGY and ECOPHYSIOLOGY APPROACH: PNRA Project: 1.3 - Applied ecophysiology and ecotoxicology research for investigating natural and anthropic changes in Antarctic environments. Biomarkers Marco Nigro, University of Pisa Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology - Biology and Genetics, via Volta 4, I-56100 Pisa, Italy Francesco Regoli, University of Ancona Institute of Biology and Genetics, via Ranieri, Monte d’Ago, I-60100 Ancona, Italy Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Simonetta Corsolini, Silvano Focardi, University of Siena Department of Environmental Science - Section of Applied Ecology, via delle Cerchia 3, I-53100 Siena, Italy Seabirds Ecology Silvia Olmastroni , University of Siena Department of Environmental Science - Section of Applied Ecology, via delle Cerchia 3, I-53100 Siena, Italy

  2. Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal • CHEMICALS TO BE INVESTIGATED: • Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: - pp’DDE, HCB, other chlorinated pesticides • - Polychlorobyphenils (PCBs) including toxic non-ortho congeners • Dioxins (PCDDs) • Furans (PCDFs) • Polychloronaphtalenes (PCNs) • PAHs • SAMPLING (collaboration with other research groups): • non-invasive methods (blood, biopsies, eggs, feathers, guano) • fishing • diving • SPECIES: • benthic organisms • krill • fish • squid • seals • cetaceans (killer whale, minke whale) • birds (penguins, petrels, skuas) • CONSERVATION OF SAMPLES: • to be kept at -30°C

  3. Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal warm and temperate emission areas • GLOBAL CONTAMINANTS: POPs HAVE BEEN FOUND IN POLAR REGIONS BECAUSE OF GLOBAL FRACTIONATIONS. • POPs VAPORIZE FROM SOURCE AREAS IN THE MID-LATITUDES AND ARE TRANSPORTED TO THE HIGH LATITUDES BY AIR MASS MOVEMENTS. • IN RELATION TO THE VOLATILITY OF THE VARIOUS POPs, THEY CONDENSE AT DIFFERENT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES AND FALL OUT ON THE EARTH SURFACE AGAIN. MOST VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ARE EXPECTED TO BE TRANSPORTED TO THE POLES. POPs low volatility (DDT) intermediate volatility (HCB, PCBs, PCNs) high volatility (CFCs) • THEN IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE PRESENCE OF POPs MAY FOLLOW A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT. • DUE TO THE LOW TEMPERATURES, POPs DEGRADATION IS VERY SLOW. ICE IS A COLD TRAP FOR POPs AND IT CAN RELEASE THEM THUS THESE COMPOUNDS MAY ENTER IN THE TROPHIC WEBS AND BIOACCUMULATE. • MIGRATORY ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY TOP PREDATORS, MAY BE ANOTHER SOURCE OF POLLUTANTS.

  4. Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal warm and temperate emission areas POPs low volatility (DDT) intermediate volatility (HCB, PCBs, PCNs) high volatility (CFCs) Grass Hopper Effect In warm temperature POPs evaporate POPs move in air by winds to colder places In cold temperature POPs condense and fall to earth The place where they fall out depends on POP physicochemical properties (volatility) and temperature

  5. Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal Distribution of PCBs in the open-ocean surface seawater over the Bering Sea, Western Pacific and Antarctic Ocean from 1975 to 1982 (Tanabe & Tatsukawa, 1984)

  6. Victoria Land Transect Project Xenobiotic Monitoring and Toxicity Evaluation Proposal • QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED: • ARE THE LATITUDINAL AND CONSEQUENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE BIOACCUMULATION OF GLOBAL CONTAMINANTS? AND ARE THE SCIENTIFIC STATIONS A LOCAL SOURCE OF POLLUTION? • DO ANIMAL MIGRATORY OR NON MIGRATORY HABITS AFFECT THE PRESENCE OF POPs (PESTICIDES, PCBs, PCNs, DIOXINS, FURANS, PAHs) IN THE TISSUES OF MARINE ORGANISMS? EXPECTATIONS: • EVALUATE THE EVENTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LATITUDE AND THE TYPE OF POP ACCUMULATED BY ORGANISMS. • PROVIDE BESELINE DATA FOR THE MENTIONED POPs IN ORGANISMS OF THE ROSS SEA/VICTORIA LAND COASTS. • OUTLINE THE BIOMAGNIFICATION PROCESSES IN THE ANTARCTIC TROPHIC WEBS AND IDENTIFY THE MOST EXPOSED SPECIES BY EVALUATING XENOBIOTIC TOXICITY (USING THE DIOXIN TOXIC EQUIVALENTS APPROACH).

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