European Imperialism: Economic, Social, and Political Motives

1. Unit 10: Imperialism 1880-1914

2. Goals for Unit 9: • To understand the economic, social and political motives that drove the Europeans during the Age of Imperialism. • To understand the impact of Imperialism upon the areas of the world that were dominated by the Europeans. • To understand the varying types of Imperialist management applied by the different European countries in their respective colonies. • To understand the impact of European Imperialism upon the Muslim Empires. • To understand how China and Japan reflect different responses to resisting the influence of the European Imperialism.

3. Imperialism • The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

4. Goals for Unit 9: • To understand the impact of Britain’s rule over India. • To realize the influence of Europeans on the nations of China, Japan, and Southeast Asia • To develop an understanding of why the once powerful China declined during this time, and what role European nations played in China’s downfall. • To understand why Japan eventually became stronger in response to Imperialism and European influence • To develop an understanding of the Asian nations. • To further understand the effects of geography upon history.

5. Why Imperialism? • National Pride • Economic competition • France vs. Germany, Britain vs. Germany, Britain vs. France • Social Darwinism • “Survival of the fittest” • Used as justification

6. Africa Before Imperialism • Demographics • 1,000 different languages • Hundreds of ethnic groups • Religion • Traditional beliefs, Christianity, Islam • Politics • Large empires to independent villages Why is this important information?

7. Europeans Arrive • Explorers, missionaries, humanitarians, reporters at first Why not until the late 1800s? • Industrial Revolution • Needed new markets and raw materials • Technological superiority • Maxim Gun • Medical Breakthroughs • Quinine to battle Malaria

8. What did Africa Have to Offer? • Mining: • Congo: copper and tin • South Africa: gold and diamonds • Agriculture: Cash-crops • Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber • More colonies means more power

9. Pre-Conquest of Africa • French in Algeria by 1830s • Portuguese had Angola & Mozambique • British took Cape Colony during Napoleonic Wars • European powers only controlled about 10% of continent until 1870s

10. The Scramble for Africa • King Leopold II of Belgium (1876) in Congo • Forms International Africa Association (IAA) • Influences Otto Van Bismarck • Economic/power reasons • Wants to divert French hostility toward Germany • Calls for Conference

11. Berlin Conference 1884-1885 • Headed by Bismarck • Germany’s entrance into the game changed the rules • European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” in order to be recognized • Also agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade • No firearm or liquor sales in certain areas • Missionaries free to spread Christianity

13. Africa’s Response to Colonization • European technology outmatches most African armies – Maxim gun, gunboats, etc • Europeans susceptible to disease • Solution? • Recruit rival African tribes to help fight each other • African leaders weigh options: • Build alliances with Europeans, other tribes? • Make accommodations? Negotiate?

14. Africa’s Response to Colonization • Samori Toure – Western African leader • Created powerful Islamic Kingdom • 30,000 man army • Fought with invading French in 1881 and lost, moved east • After internal rebellions, and imposing British forces from the west… • Captured and exiled in 1898

15. African Response to Colonization • Religious leaders more effective in uniting – why? • Religion unites, politics divide • Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885) in Sudan • Muslim “shaykh” (head of tribe, village, religious order) • Proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” (1881) • Muslim messiah, savior of the faith • Establishes “jihad” and successfully takes back British controlled land until 1898 • The “Shona” tribe rises up against British in South Africa in 1890s

16. African Response to Colonization • Ethiopia only area to successfully keep European powers out… • Menelik II becomes emperor and unites the region • Starts to modernize and expand Ethiopia • Makes agreement with Italians for Red Sea coast • 1896 – Italians break treaty • Battle ensues at Aduwa • 100,000 Ethiopian soldiers vs. 20,000 Italian soldiers • Italians make numerous mistakes in battle, are embarrassed in defeat.

17. The Mineral Revolution • Diamonds discovered in 1867 in Southern Africa and thousands (both black and white) flocked to area to mine • 1873 – European diggers lobby for British to establish laws prohibiting Africans from owning claims – sets tone for future laws • European mine owners employ Africans • Compound system controls labor

18. The Mineral Revolution • 1886 – Gold discovered in Transvaal • Transvaal is Afrikaner territory – led by President Paul Kruger • New discovery renews British interest in controlling the Transvaal • Kruger determined to protect Transvaal from “uitlanders” • 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato join to found De Beers • De Beers comes to control 90% of diamond production • Rhodes becomes prime minister of Cape Colony in S.A. • Expands British borders in S.A.

19. The Boer War – South Africa (1899) • Rhodes attempts invasion of Transvaal and fails • Rhodes forced to resign – invasion is seen as “reckless” • Afrikaners and Orange Free State ally and modernize army– “Boers” • Alfred Milner replaces Rhodes • Gave Kruger a list of demands that could not be met, war breaks out • First modern “total war” • Boers used guerilla tactics • British burned Boer farms; imprisoned women & children in disease-ridden concentration camps • 30,000 Afrikaners and 15,000 blacks died in the camps • 1902 Union of South Africa created, controlled by the British • By 1907 a self-governing dominion of the UK

20. After the War • British try to Anglicize Afrikaners but fail • Afrikaners controlled the government (first three Prime Ministers were Afrikaner) and gained official recognition of language • English speakers controlled the civil service and dominated the business sector • They did work together to preserve white dominance over the black majority • 70% of population controlled on 13% of land • “Civilized Labor” policies of the 1920s • Low-level civil jobs blacks held were given to large population of poor, unskilled whites • Paves the way for…

21. APARTHEID (1948-1994) • Apartheid (separateness) – a system of legal racial segregation • Rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed • Minority rule by whites was maintained. • Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times but Apartheid now an official policy in 1948 • New legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups, and residential areas were segregated – sometimes forced removals • 1958 – Blacks deprived of citizenship of S.A. • Now citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing territories called “bantustans” • Segregated education, medical care, and other public services • Black services were made inferior to white ones

22. Forms of Colonial Control • Colony • A country or region governed internally by a foreign power • Protectorate • A country or territory with its own internal gov’t but under the control of an outside power • Sphere of Influence • An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges • Economic Imperialism • Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

23. Indirect Control Relied on existing political rulers Legislative council that included colonial officials as well as local merchants and professionals Councils trained local leaders EX: Britain Direct Control Africans are unable to handle power – paternalism Brought in their own officials and did not train local people Assimilation: local populations would become absorbed into culture EX: French & Belgians Imperialist Management

25. The Ottoman Empire(1300-1923) • Anatolia – descendants of nomadic Turks • Militaristic & Invading • No strong central power • Government organized by “ghazis” • Broken up independent states, warriors for Islam • Osman (Othman) build strong state until his death in 1326 • His dynastic successors expand territory and create the “Ottoman” empire

26. The Islamic Empires

27. The Islamic Empires • Safavid Empire (1501–1736) • Present day Iran (Persia) • “Squeezed” between Ottomans and Mughals • Forced to become militaristic • Shi’ite Muslims • Persecuted by Ottoman Sunni Muslims • Mughal Empire (1526–1857) • Present day Northern India • Islam forced on partly Hindu population • Overexpansion, poor leadership weakens empire by 1800s • Enter England

28. Ottoman Empire: Notable Sultans • Mehmet II (1444-1481) • Captured Constantinople in 1453 • Ends Byzantine Empire, renames city Istanbul • Selim the Grim (1512-1520) • Defeated Safavids • Swept through Syria, Palestine and into North Africa • Suleiman (1520-1566) • Reached its peak size • Dominated Eastern Med., controlled coastal cities of Africa as well as interior trade, pushed into Europe • Only Charles V rivaled his power

29. Ottoman Empire

30. Ottoman Empire in Decline • 17th and 18th centuries – Ottoman empire in decline • Weak army – janissary corps • Not industrializing • Selim III (1789-1806) attempted to modernize • Restructured army • Set up foreign embassies • Mahmud II (1808-1839) • Restored central authority • Established new army (Euro trained) • Restructured government

31. Nationalism Dividing • Nationalism stirring in Ottoman lands • Serbs revolted in 1804 • Greeks in 1821 • Romanians in 1850s • Bulgarians in 1870s • All supported by Western Europe – why? Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Western Europe wanted a balance of power

32. European Involvement • Crimean War 1853 • Russia vs. Ottomans • France & Britain help Ottomans win • Egypt • Ottoman control since 1517 • French briefly took over 1800 • Ottoman and British end French occupation • Muhammad Ali in power (1801) • Westernizes Egypt – Reforms military, economy, agriculture, education • Under Muhammad Ali broke away from Ottomans • Grandson Ismail constructed the Suez Canal • Opened 1869 • 1882 British controlled it

33. Young Turk Revolution • Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) • Reformer and autocrat • 1889 – students form Committee for Union and Progress • Want to combine Islamic culture with Euro ideas and technology • Young Turk Revolution (1908) • Constitution and assembly instated • End of Ottoman monarchy, CUP in control

34. Ottoman Empire By 1914

35. British in India • British present since 1600s • Mughal Empire collapsing in 1700s • 1757 East India Company the major power • Had an army made up of “sepoys”

36. Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • Cartridges of rifles sealed with beef and pork fat • Offends both Hindus and Muslims • Mughal emperor reluctantly heads rebellion • British use total war tactics • The British took direct command: The Raj • Direct rule - paternalism • Indians could not overcome their religious differences: Hindu vs. Muslim • Sikhs remained loyal to the British • British direct rule 1757-1947 • Cabinet minister in London » British Viceroy in India » Local Councils made up of Indians

37. Indian Nationalist Movement • Ram Mohum Roy (1772-1833) • Began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices; these practices were allowing foreigners to control them • Widow suicide, child marriage, caste system • Indian National Congress 1885 • Made up of both Indians and Britons • The Muslim League 1906 • Form after the partition of Bengal • Both groups begin to call for self-government • After Gandhi’s death the Muslim League will create Pakistan

39. British & Malayan Peninsula

40. British in Malaysia • 1796 • Gained Singapore as well as most of Malayan peninsula • Geopolitics – trade • Tin, rubber • Gained Burma (present day Myanmar) • Encouraged Chinese immigration • Conflict still exists between Malaysians and Chinese

42. Dutch in Indonesia

43. Dutch • Indonesia referred to as Dutch East Indies • Dutch East India Company present since the early 1800s • Sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea • Created a rigid social class system • Dutch • Wealthy & Educated Indonesians • Plantation workers • Forced production, poor working conditions, little rights gave way to independence movements

45. French Indochina • Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam • Protectorates • Did not encourage local industry • Paternalism, assimilation • Rice production went up • Siam (Thailand) – neutral zone under King Mongut • Modernized Thai economy • Warded off foreign rule

46. Experience of Southeast Asia • Products: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple • Europeans encouraged immigration from other Asian nations • Why? • To diversify the population – no unity • Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists • Many problems still exist between these groups today in this area

47. U.S. in the Pacific • U.S. involved in imperialist activity • Purchased Alaska in 1867 • Overthrew Hawaiian Queen in 1893 • Spanish American War • 1898 • Gained Puerto Rico, and Guam, and Philippines • Promised to prepare them for self-rule • Economic exploitation • American-Philippine war • 400,000 killed or imprisoned

49. China

50. China • Led by Manchus of Qing Dynasty • Strong agriculture, mining, manufacturing • Rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts, salt, tin, silver, iron, silks, cottons, porcelain, maize • Tribute system – states subordinate to China and receive gifts and protection in return • Self-Sufficient • They didn’t need anything the West had to offer • Had more people than any empire in the world