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Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One. Microbiology. Metabolism. The sum total of all cellular reactions. Metabolism. Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell. Energy.
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Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One Microbiology
Metabolism • The sum total of all cellular reactions
Metabolism • Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell • Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell
Energy • Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations • Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic
Biochemical Reactions enzyme • Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate) Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrate Envisioned as a lock and key More probable like an induced fit
Enzymes • Are biological catalysts • Proteins • Their tertiary structure produces a specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)
Enzymes • Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate • Orient the substrate so the reaction occur • Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell
Enzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swfEnzyme-Substratehttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf
Enzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.htmlEnzyme-Substratehttp://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html
Protease – breaks down proteins • DNase breaks down and recycles DNA • Kinase- tranfers phosphate from ATP to another molecule
Activation energy • Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction • All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction
Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction • Temperature • pH • Concentration of enzyme • Concentration of substrate
REDOX Reactions • Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen • Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen
Coupled reactions • Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
Terms • Chemo – chemical energy • Photo – light energy • Organo – organic molecules • Litho – uptake larger organic molecules for biosynthesis • Auto – produces its own organic molecules from basic molecules
Chemoorganoheterotroph • Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source • Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism
Chemolithoautotroph • Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source • Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens
Photolithoautotroph • Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source. • Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria • Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment • Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm
Photoorganoheterotroph • Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes • Uses alternative pigments to capture light
Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a product • Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose • Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates