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Protein Synthesis

This article explores the relationship between nucleic acids, proteins, and genetic information in the process of protein synthesis. It covers the structure and function of nucleic acids, the differences between DNA and RNA, and the steps involved in protein synthesis. It also discusses the levels of protein structure and the role of genes and proteins in human genetics.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. Levels of Genetic Organization

  3. Macromolecules of Evolution Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on. • Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA • universal code (blueprints) for making proteins • inherited genetic information

  4. Macromolecules of Evolution Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits, and traits that are best fit for the environment are passed on. • Proteins - determine physical traits • structure - materials for building cells • function - a. carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells • b. trigger muscle movements c. assist with all chemical reactions in the body d. protect the body against disease

  5. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. 

  6. RNA Overview RNA is the other type of nucleic acid. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid Its structure is a single strand of nucleotides RNA’s function is to decode genes within the DNA to make proteins Like DNA, it has 4 nitrogenous bases – guanine and cytosine adenine and uracil

  7. RNA Overview 6. There are 3 types of RNA: messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

  8. Differences Between DNA & RNA A. Sugars B. Number of strands C. Bases D. Location 1. DNA deoxyribosesugar double-stranded A-T G-C in the nucleus 2. RNA ribose sugar single-stranded A-U G-C in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome

  9. Protein Synthesis Overview DNA RNA protein traits transcription translation

  10. Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Protein Trait

  11. Transcription In the first step of protein synthesis, ageneiscopied A half of the DNA helix is used as a template to create messenger RNA (mRNA) This occurs in the nucleus of the cell

  12. Transcription Determine the sequence of the developing messenger RNA strand! Template DNA Strand Sequence: G T C T A C T T G Messenger RNA Sequence: C A G A U G A A C

  13. Translation mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome

  14. Translation 2. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) meets mRNA at the ribosome with the appropriate amino acids (building blocks of proteins) 3. Amino acids attach together (peptide bond) to form a polypeptide chain

  15. Translation • a 3-base sequence of mRNA called a codon codes for a specific amino acid • a 3-base sequence of tRNAcalled an anti-codon bonds with a corresponding codon, delivering its amino acid

  16. Translation Glu Met Asp peptide bond Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence of the developing polypeptide chain!

  17. Proteins Amino acidsbond together to make proteins. Proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids. Amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. The 3D form of the protein determines its function.

  18. Levels of Protein Structure • Polypeptide chains spontaneously arrange themselves • into 3-dimensional structures to form functional • There are four levels of arrangement from primary, • the straight chain of amino acids, to quaternary, • several polypeptide chains bonded together. 1º - a straight chain of amino acids 2º - chains bend and twist 3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3-dimensional shape 4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein!

  19. Human Genes & Proteins 46 Chromosomes (23 pairs) approximately 25,000 genes = approximately 25,000 proteins 1 protein = approx. 500 amino acids 1 amino acid = 3 nucleotides 25,000 proteins x 1500 nucleotides = 37,500,000 nucleotides If there are approx. 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes, then…How much of our DNA codes for proteins? What do they call the rest of the DNA that does not code for proteins?

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